Cinderella Man Film Essay

Cinderella Man is a film about The Great Depression. How is this period in history depicted in the film? The film Cinderella Man is based on a true story about a boxer James J Braddock, during the Great Depression in the 1930’s. Braddock, his wife Mae and his three kids were very well off, due to the fact that Braddock was doing very well with his boxing and winning lots of fights, which resulted in lots of money. This all changed very suddenly when Braddock’s career was turned upside down when the Great Depression hit. The first scene in the film which shows that times were starting to get tough is when there is a transition scene from 1928-1932, where there is a slow left pan fade starting from their dresser with lots of accessories such as jewellery, a photo in a nice frame, a watch and a stack of money which Braddock earned from winning a fight that night, and the pan ends with a shot of their dresser during the great depression which is clearly much less accessorised with very little jewellery, a razor, a false tooth and the same photo but without the frame. As Braddock and his family were very well off before the great depression this scene really illustrated how tough the times were and there were many people much worse off than Braddock’s family. Another scene in the film that portrayed the period of the Great Depression was the scene when Braddock went to the Docks to work. Each day unemployed men would wait at the gate and hope to get picked to work on the docks that day. This scene gives you as a viewer a sense of truth about the movie and when the men are stretching out their arms through the bars it demonstrates how desperate people are getting. After it shows the men begging to get picked to work it switches to a close up shot of a newspaper getting dropped on the ground with the title â€Å"unemployed hits record 15 million†. The close up shot of the newspaper really emphasises that the film is during the great depression, and nearly everyone is unemployed; and this shot works perfectly in depicting this point in time. The next scene which indicates the film is during the great depression I personally think is the most effective. Jim and Mae are so low on money that they can’t afford to keep their three c hildren, one who is sick at home and Mae sends them off without telling Jim and this leads to them fighting. After this is changes to a high angle close up on the EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION OF NEW JERSEY and hundreds of people filling out welfare application forms. The camera then pans to Braddock when it is his turn and the woman at the counter says to Braddock- â€Å"I never thought I’d see you here Jim†. When the woman at the counter says this to Braddock it makes me as a viewer think that if Braddock is associated with wealth and he has lost everything, then what does the average person have left? As many other scenes in the film, this one really proves that the film is during the great depression and thousands and thousands of people are hardly surviving. The last scene I am going to talk about which represents the time of the great depression is probably the most effective in getting the message across that the film is during the great depression, and this scene is in Hooverville which is a place where lots of little shanty’s were built by homeless people dur ing the great depression. This scene in the film is very loud and gruesome, with sounds such as police sirens, breaking glass, people yelling and people vomiting. The camera shows lots of people running around, bodies on the ground and small fires everywhere. This scene uses a hand held camera to emphasise the franticness of the people, and shows the occasional close up of individual’s faces to show that they are scared. Immediately after it shows a close up of Mike’s face when he says ‘tell Sarah I’ll be late.’ it flashes straight to a close up of a coffin with a number on it and then another close up on Mae’s grief stricken face. Because mikes coffin only has a number on it, it shows that NO one could afford a personalised coffin and all these people to the government were simply just numbers. At a glance this film is just about boxing, but as you watch it you learn that there is a deeper meaning to the film, and shows the story of one man, who went from having everything to nothing, and then struggled his way through the great depression, and in Braddock’s words he ‘was fighting for milk.’

“What Thanksgiving means to me.

In my country, Korea, having same holiday Thanksgiving called by Chu-Seok. Thanksgiving is upon us. I have to say, fall is one of my most favorite times of the year – first Halloween, then Thanksgiving, and then Christmas, all right in a row. The decorations, the music, the food, the holiday spirit – I like it. Coming from a large family – and having a large extended family – only heightened the holiday cheer growing up, and I used to help create that cheer for my own family. So I think I’d take a moment to talk about what Thanksgiving means to me.There is always the traditional Korean food, of course. But it’s not just the act of eating Thanksgiving dinner. The hours of preparation and the delicious smells that fill the house that entire week are just as important, as are the leftovers that last for days. In my family, the cooking of Christmas cookies has always begun the day after Thanksgiving – if not before. The preparation, eating , and preserving of food becomes both a family tradition and a ritual of community and togetherness.There is also family. For me, Thanksgiving has almost always involved time spent with extended family, whether they come to me or I go to them. And for me, extended family has always meant time spent playing board games such as Yut-Game, Gostop-Game. or just sitting around reminiscing. There are also the family projects that we’ll all tackle together, whether it’s simply fixing that drawer that never ran straight or building an entire new porch. Thanksgiving has always meant all of that.In addition to centering around the ritual of food, the embrace of family, and the richness of history, Thanksgiving has always served for me as a time of contemplation and gratitude. It’s good to take stock from time to time, not to ignore problems or challenges but rather to remember and think about the good. Sometimes we get so caught up in the daily grind of life that we focus more on what we don’t have than on what we do have. Thanksgiving helps me slow down and refresh my focus.

Application of LBM in Aerospace Industry

Application of LBM in Aerospace Industry INTRODUCTION: Requirement of precision components, complicated design, stringent standards and testing, unusual size of workpiece, restrictions in conventional machining processes has lead to development of advanced machining processes shortly AMP. In past few years, there were several AMP’s developed such as electric discharge machining (EDM), electron beam machining, electrochemical machining, chemical machining processes (CMP), ultrasonic machining (USM), and jet machining processes abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, laser beam machining etc. Each of these AMP’s has its limitations in workpiece material, shape etc. But LBM is the one of the AMP’s where almost all material can be processed. One of major advantage of LBM is its ability to machine both conductive and non-conductive materials. Laser beam machining (LBM) is one of the most widely used thermal energy based non-contact type advance machining process which can be applied for almost whole ra nge of materials. Laser beam is focused for melting and vaporizing the unwanted material from the parent material. As of now the major application on LBM is profile cutting of geometrically complex part and making miniature holes in sheetmetal. HISTORY OF LASER: In 1917, it was Albert Einstein who first told the world about the process called â€Å"Stimulated Emission† which makes the laser possible. In 1957, Gordon Gould, a Columbia University student designed the first laser device in his laboratory. However the first working laser (ruby laser) was found on 16th of May, 1960 by Dr. Theodore Maiman. This demonstration of ruby laser acted as entry door to this field. Till then lots and lots of researches have been done and various lasers were found. Some of major contributions and highlights are â€Å"Gas laser† which used helium and neon gases by Ali Javan during 1960, semi conductor laser by Gunther Fenner in 1962, CO2 laser by Kumar Patel on 1964, Nd-YAG laser by Ge usic in 1964 etc. The first excimer laser was demonstrated in 1970 by Basov et ah and it was liquid xenon which was excited with a pulsed electron beam. The first commercial application of continuous wave CO2 lasers was made during 1967 by Western Electric and the first successful industrial application of laser cutting was die-board slotting. Whereas now, lasers have been into many areas such as aerospace, die and mold manufacturing, biomechanical devices, automotive, electric, and electronic industries etc. Likewise many studies have been made to find many such lasers and also studies were done to improve / optimize the working parameters of the lasers. FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation – LASER is a device which produces a monochromatic light beam where all the waves are coherent. LASER consists of four primary components: Active medium : It contains atoms whose electrons are excited to higher energy levels by an energy source. They are solid crystals such as ruby or Nd:YAG, liquid dyes, gases like CO2 or Helium/Neon, or semiconductors such as GaAs. Excitation Mechanism: Excitation mechanisms pump energy into the active medium. Three basic method of excitation are optical, electrical or chemical. High Reflectance Mirror Partially Transmissive Mirror The major principles of Laser are stimulation, amplification and population inversion.

Greenpeace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Greenpeace - Essay Example It is a highly organized group with headquarters all over the world. Likewise, the organizational tier is well-defined with its members performing specific tasks within their definite department. The need to get their message across is perceptively an important part of the core goals of the association. To exemplify, even its founders have become known as writers, writing their exploits and history by authoring books. This can be deduced in the simple fact that it is inevitable that word into paper is all part of achieving their goals. Evidently, Greenpeace has its own publication and a press centre. Thus, it can be foreseen that it can be qualified within the categories defining discourse communities. At the heart of its advocacy campaigns is the need to encourage people and raise their awareness and to call for action. Environmental writing has in itself evolved tremendously over the years. It has now become a recognized genre of writing and is an integral part of the entire enviro nmental discourse. Divide still prevail over the critics in determining the viability of sometimes thought out scenarios that range up to the extremes of end of the world proportions with the most basic inclination to pacify especially nontechnical readers on its veracity. Rachel Carson’s ‘Silent Spring’ is definitely a classic example of a book rousing dissention. â€Å"The success of Carson’s apocalyptic narrative spawned both criticism and imitation† (Killingsworth and Palmer 31). Since then, many authors and scientists have reacted by releasing their own texts. As a result, environmental debates had been fought not only by advocates but well with the use of science as arsenal to support claims. John Swales proposes the commonly accepted categories in understanding the defining characteristics of discourse communities. He maintains that discourse community is distinct from both speech community and speech fellowship. To determine the existence of a discourse community, six criteria must be present as a prerequisite. First, it must have a communality of interest such that there must be a shared goal among its members. Second, there are mechanisms for intercommunication that exist exemplified by a forum where there is participation within the group for members to interact. Third, the communication process is prevalent in the discourse community for a number of reasons including exchange of information and feedback including improvement. Fourth, the sustained advancement â€Å"to develop discoursal expectations† that involves suitable topics and the function of their communication that the output will elicit. Fifth, in relation to all the previous categories, there must be an inherent dynamic to enhance the terminology common to the discourse community. Finally, the expanse of the membership and a vitality to an extent that there is ample significant and proficient expertise in such a way that the discourse community su rvives despite the absence or separation of one or some of its members (212-213). Greenpeace has evolved to be a sizeable force with its presence seen in various parts of the globe in various activisms all toward environment protection. In their own words â€Å"Greenpeace is a global environmental organization† with its main office in Amsterdam and with 28 regional offices outside it spread out in more than 40 countries. Each of these headquarters are given independence in carrying out their local strategies and in finding support from donors to sustain their work (Greenpeace International, par. 1). Apart from the commonly known staple exploits of the group, it has its own

Privacy about Emailing, AIM or MSN Messenger Essay

Privacy about Emailing, AIM or MSN Messenger - Essay Example It can be a privacy issue because it can identify the location of the user to the receiver because their I.P address is indicated during the process. This is dangerous especially when the user logs into insecure chat rooms to talk to individuals who are strangers. The internet messaging services share a similar implication to emailing, and can easily be applied to forward spam messaging that generate slow progress towards completion of delegated duties. The other provision that the IM and emailing service provide is witnessed in the transfer of viruses that could be transferred from one machine across a network. There is privacy breached in accessing information about the user even when there is no logging process because the information is accorded the server. These systems have proved vulnerable to breach with the society containing system hackers who are capable of obtaining information through tracing vital information on the server system. Recommended technological Solutions The first realization that users should note is that the IM system is not the most secure means to relay information or store vital individual components. There should be application of alternative means if the nature of the information being passed is important in achieving progress (Willner 5). There are limited measures to hide the IP address but an option is given to seize using the automatic logging process. The sites should be accessed only on necessary areas with a careful observation to reduce the online time. AOL has been developed to limit the amount of messages that a server is capable of transmitting. It further applies measures to gain control over the recipient of the messages. This may be implemented through blocking the person that is to receive the message and only allow access when there is the need. In controlling the rate of virus transfer between machines, there should be identification of the secure files. This measure is applied in attributing the source of the r eceived files. The valuable contribution that can be connected to this problem is via applying updated antivirus software in the machine. There is a measure that is applied to block or reduce the IM service through shutting down ports. Moreover, there needs to be an implementation of security policies that define their operations. These rules are expected to regulate on the utilization f the type of software in the policies, and the legislative measure that would be implemented when the set regulations are breached. Before engaging in any communication exercise, the message logging can be disabled. ICQ is provides a system for automatic logging on first users, but the option can be disabled to reduce security risks. This is then vital because the users are not identified during the log in process. Developed Solutions The solutions to reduce the privacy risks are witnessed in applying the measures to hide the identity of user information by disabling the automated logging system. Thi s is applied by most individuals who access the IM systems on pubic environs like in the cyber cafes. These areas provide minimal security for personal information, and the individual may be exposed to demeaning acts that may threaten to invade their private life setting. The measure that can be applied to ensure that the security is maintained would be through clearing the

Bussiness integration & ERP (master level) Essay

Bussiness integration & ERP (master level) - Essay Example In terms management business integration can also lead to firmed grip on their internal and external control process. Also, the globalization is considered to be one of the factors behind in the adaption of business integration to compete with others in order to succeed in their business and prove their existence in the market. As the company or business gets bigger, the need for integration becomes a demand in order to ensure the smooth flowing of information between different departments and units to operate sufficiently and effectively with regard to quickly and reliability of this kind of information flow. In fact, as the integration process bring so many advantages and benefits it also bring with it some challenges too. The integration process between people, technology and process holds real challenges that need to be overcome in order to have successful integration process. At the process level, the challenge may materialize within the company itself, let me explain how. In ge neral, companies despite their size have various numbers of units and therefore that means they may have various numbers of autonomous and heterogeneous applications or systems for particular purpose. During the integration process which is often a result of strategic plan these systems that could cause integration problems thus inability to co-operate together. Another dimension of the problem is the construction of metadata. In order to integrate business processes there is a need to understand the meaning of metadata and their use in the existing system or applications to figure out how they can be integrated. The challenge here is that collecting these data is difficult especially if the people who defined them or familiar with are not available anymore. Metadata hold information like purpose, specification and context of the data which helps to understand the meaning of data. Another challenge is that in order to integrate process there is a need to understand precisely what th e current system and applications are used for. That would include their functionality and the means by which they can be integrated. The challenge here is that many companies do not have this information. At people level or socio-technical level, there is the challenge between people and technology therefore the organizational change aspects need to be considered in the integration process, some may resist using the new system or find it difficult to accept it or use it therefore implementing organizational change practices could be of help through training and support. Another challenge is that the lack of people intervention in integrated process to deal with and exception handling in case they appear. At implementation level, the integration process would be complex and the cost of available methods for business integration is expensive also the process would take time and efforts to be completed while some could perceive that the cost of implementing might overweigh the benefit s or the return on investment would take time to be achieved. There are cross organizational challenges like the connectivity to suppliers, service providers, and customers and so on and all security issues related to that. There are a number of companies that were able to achieve the benefits of adapting an

Macroeconomic problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macroeconomic problem - Essay Example The amount of money supplied by the government fixed by Fed hence making it perfectly inelastic. b) In our situation, the equilibrium interest rate will be 5.8% as this is the point of intersection of the supply curve and the money demand curve. C) When the economy is at full employment, an increase in money supply will not result in an increase in the output. In this case, the increased money supplied will result in increased level of inflation. The excess money pumped in the economy will chase the same quantity of goods and services thereby making their prices to inflate. Normally, the increases in the money supply is intended to stimulate economic growth by reducing the level of interest rates (Floyd 58). In the case of full employment, all the resources are already utilized and the increased money supplied will not achieve the intended purpose of increasing production level. Besides, the increased inflation will make the local currency unstable and discourage foreign investors fr om holding the local currency. This can adversely affect the investment levels and increase the economic problems. Fed decision to increase money supply can be propelled by several factors. First, an increase in money supply can be aimed at increasing the level of expenditure in the economy. By increasing the level of money supply, the government will increase the amount of wealth held by individuals. This makes them increase their expenditure to stimulate economic growth. Money spent in both consumption and investment will increase because of the increase in the disposable income (Floyd 63). Individuals will as well increase the proportion of their investments in bonds, as they will use the excess money to buy bonds and shares in the capital markets. Secondly, Fed can decide to increase the money supply to stimulate investments. An increase in money supply will result in a fall in the nominal interest rates, which will further result in the fall in the real interest rates. Due to t he fall in interest rates, the cost of borrowings will be reduced. Potential investors will therefore be encouraged to borrow and acquire capital necessary in pursuing their investment plans. Consequently, the increased investments will increase the level of employment because of the increased economic activities. Sometimes, the government through Fed can decide to increase the level of money supply to cause an increase the price levels by a desirable margin. According to the quantity theory of money, price levels depend directly on the money supply. In the long-run therefore, an increase in money supply will result in an increase in the price level by equal proportion. Fed can have this objective during the period of recession or depression when the level of economic activities is low to stimulate economic activities and increase the quantity of purchases. In addition, a decrease in the interest rates will increase the demand of the local currency hence cause depreciation in the cu rrency. This is because in an open economy, interest rates parity must always be preserved. This will cause the currency to fall with a further expectation that it will fall faster in the future. The depreciation in the local currency will make the cost of local goods cheaper and attractive thereby causing a surge in both the foreign and local demand (Floyd

The Importance of Communication Personal Statement - 1

The Importance of Communication - Personal Statement Example Since the research work was done as a group, there were challenges that were encountered in terms of different factors affecting the way the group was expected to perform and deliver the identified outcome. In every group endeavor, there were initial challenges in terms of aligning each member’s time, skills and abilities, and efforts toward the fulfillment of the group’s goal. In this particular situation, the goal was to come up with a comprehensive case study which focused on miscommunication during a funds transfer transaction within a bank setting. To do this, it was crucial to initially identify the competencies and capabilities of each member, as well as skills and talents. This is necessary to be able to assign roles and responsibilities and to equitably delegate tasks. Thus, during the process of group formation, members were able to agree on a group leader who governed all the tasks, roles, performance, and coordinating among members to ensure that various pha ses of the case studies are complied with effectively according to a definite time frame. Thus, at this particular phase alone, the challenges encountered were as follows: (1) carefully assessing skills, talents, abilities, and roles that each member would assume; (2) deciding who the group leader would be; (3) agreeing on the delegated tasks and responsibilities; (3) coming up with an outline of scheduled tasks to be delivered by each member depending on a time frame; (4) agreeing to meet or correspond on a particular schedule and venue; and (5) exchanging relevant personal details (names, addresses, contact numbers, and available schedules).

NO TOPIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NO TOPIC - Essay Example A case where a White man causes an accident and escapes probably because it was a girl child or a black person reveals a lot about the sociocultural standards of that time. Blacks and women had a narrow space in the society. However, the difference between the America of the past and the contemporary one today is really big in terms of sociocultural standards and perceptions (Donnelley 107-108). A salient theme of body hate comes out more clearly. The amount of time and energy that people take in trying to hate and hide some of their body parts that the perceptually deem faulty is surprising. It is possible to have a profound psychological turmoil when hit by a flaw on a conspicuous body part. Moreover, the media’s ‘campaign’ for perfection in their advertisements is the reason that makes people worry of very petty and insignificant problems. They tend to promote businesses by portraying a world of perfection and everyone would want to join their non-flawed worlds (Donnelley 109). Evidently, the author’s intent to practically explore and expose the real life problems that a girl child of that time went through has bee achieved. From the genesis of her problems to its progression until its end, the story is well developed by Alice

Hormones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hormones - Essay Example When calcium levels fall below 9mg/100 ml of blood, the parathyroid gland is stimulated to release the parathyroid hormone or PTH. This hormone stimulates the activity of osteoclasts to break bone and bone matrix down so as to release more calcium into the blood. It acts on PTH 1 receptor in the kidney and bone, as well as PTH 2 receptor on the testis, pancreas and nervous system to increase calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone has a half life of four hours after which it decreases its own production through a negative feedback mechanism when calcium levels stabilize (Bronner, 2012: p45). Oxytocin acts on various body organs, including the uterus and breasts, especially as a mediator of human behaviour, lactation and, in this case, labour and childbirth. It is controlled via a positive feedback mechanism, in which the hormone’s release leads to an action that stimulates additional release of oxytocin. When uterine contractions begin, for instance, oxytocin release is mediated through positive feedback, in which release of oxytocin leads to more release of the same (Poulain et al, 2012: p55). This mechanism allows for the uterine contractions during labour and childbirth to increase in frequency and intensity, which stops at childbirth. A rat’s testicles, in comparison to human testicles, are much larger, which is because they have patterns of mating that involve multiple males breeding with females as they come into heat. In addition, they produce more sperm to increase the odds that they will be successful. Another difference between testes in humans and rats is that the testes form part of a urogenital aperture in rats, which is not the case for humans (Söder, 2013: p66). Finally, the testes of rats can retract back to the abdominal cavity when they are not breeding, which is not the case for

Learning environment Essay Example for Free

Learning environment Essay â€Å"The environment we are in affects our moods, the ability to form relationships and the effectiveness in work or play, even our health. † (Bullard, 2006). In effectively educating children an educator must build a foundation that has a stimulating environment which includes the inside and outside areas, classroom design and decor size. The outdoor learning area must be one that is organised in a way that promotes exploration and investigation of the elements of nature which includes planting trees and flowers, as well as nature stations where children can observe the different insects. On the other hand is the classroom design which also endorses discovery along with cooperation among peers. The centres should be spacious that enables free movement where group gathering can take place, as well as the different materials and manipulative that are easily accessible to children in the different learning areas in facilitating their knowledge. But however not only that, but as well as decor size which pertains to using child size toys, tools and furniture in the classroom that eliminates children from asking for assistance from adults, as well as allowing them to feel empowered by not requesting of their help. In providing a stimulating environment like the one that was now described would allow children to actively participate in their learning. This is so because the surroundings therefore cater for â€Å"appropriate ways in developing the vital skills, the knowledge and a positive attitude to learning in the individual needs of each child. It is based on â€Å"guiding children to observe, question, discuss, listen, manipulate, feel, investigate and develop the ability to think creatively and independently. This is defined as Active Learning. In discussing the importance of the active learning environment above which includes the inside and outside areas, classroom design as well as decor size that promotes active learning, this paper would now focus on one such area that is assessed in the internal environment, meaning a learning centre that needs to be enhanced, as well as strategies used for improvement to reflect my curriculum goals. Description of the Learning Centre that needs to be Improved While children were in the indoor setting of the classroom I took time to sit and observe what exactly was happening at each of the different centres. While monitoring I noticed that most of them were at the diverse learning areas excluding the language centre which had only about two (2) children who took a short amount of time interacting within that area. The other centres were very attraction as they had many tangible objects that children can interact with, whereas the other had old objects that were very unattractive and discoloured. Most of the materials were posters that were stuck to the wall which were there for a very long time, in turn making it appear distasteful and unappealing. In the language centre it therefore created a barrier that enabled children to further promote their language development as there were an insufficient amount of materials that catered for it. In addition, that learning centre did not cater for the children as it did not promote active learning, because as stated earlier when a centre has materials and manipulatives that are easily accessible to children it therefore facilitates their learning as it guides them to observe, engage and grasp different concepts in a simpler way. But however, there were no materials that held the attention of the children that they can become involved with; hence it developed a barricade for the active learning process to take place. When comparing the centres I have found that this is a situation that needs to be put back into working order immediately, because â€Å"language is an important skill that allows a person to communicate. † (Brannagan, 2010). It is a significant skill that is crucial in a child’s life as they use it to adequately exchange information with others in a meaningful way, as well as understanding the uses of reading and writing and becoming successful early readers and writers as it determines a successful future for them. In contrast, if this particular skill has a delay it can create complications in communication with others. This therefore can build frustration within the child since it may lead to miscommunication about what he/she is trying to convey. This is why it is important for me as an educator to address this matter quickly, so in turn children can have the opportunity to interact within that said learning centre and not only in the others, as they would gain better knowledge by coming into contact with materials and experiences that are provided for  them by adults, hence making it easier to make sense of the world around them, as well as influencing their rate of growth. This process is referred to as The Constructivist Theory in which the philosopher Jean Piaget believed that children’s learning is an active process where there is interaction between the person and the environment. This improvement of the Language Centre would be effective as it will continually provide active learning within all the centres in the classroom without the segregation of one. My Curriculum Goals within the Language Centre As stated by the National Early Childhood Care and Education Curriculum Guide in the strand Effective Communication â€Å"language and literacy play a critical role in the development of children’s thinking, learning and communication. To develop into successful, contributing adults, children must learn to be effective communicators and masters of their official language. † (Ministry of Education , 2005) With this being said my curriculum goals within the Language Centre are taken from the National Early Childhood Care and Education Curriculum Guide. The goals are as follows: ? A growing awareness that speaking is an effective way to communicate thoughts, ideas and views. ?A growing awareness that print (common signs and symbols) conveys meaning. ?An increasing understanding of some symbols, language patterns, letter sound relationships to predict, confirm or make meanings from using their hundred languages, which includes multimodal texts. ?Develop ways to experiment with conventional letters, word signs and symbols to convey meaning. ?Understanding of the relationship between letters and sounds. Develop ways to explore how symbols and written and visual texts are used to communicate meaning. ?The ability to derive and convey the meaning of common signs and symbols (exit signs, area labels etc. ) in the various environments (school, home, community. ) ? A love for listening to and retelling familiar stories, as well as a desire to â€Å"read† on their own. Learn new vocabulary and extend language to communicate and negotiate ideas and plan for activities. Strategies used for Improvement in the Language Centre Letters are all around us! Therefore using environmental prints stuck to the wall in the language centre such as signs, labels and logos can be of great assistance in accomplishing some of my stated goals in developing children’s reading skills. This was stated by Colorin Colorado as an influential method in making the connection between letters and first efforts to read. It discusses how adults can make these techniques interesting to a child’s learning in talking about letters, words and print. The article suggest that in taking advantage of cereal boxes, as they are colourful to facilitate learning in which they can request for the child to find the first letter of his/her name on the box which assist in letter recognition as well as when going on a car trip. This results in children making the explicit link between letters and sounds. Another strategy the article further suggests that can be utilized, is about the use of technology in taking digital pictures of signs such as â€Å"exit† or â€Å"do not enter† to create a book for children to promote his/her reading skills. Environmental print provides lots of opportunities for kids to interact with letters, sounds, and words. † After reading â€Å"Colorin Colorado† 2010 it is concluded that not only can you facilitate children’s learning in the classroom but using the environment prints that surround us everyday can be of grand assistance. As stated by the U. S Department of Education 2011, Phonological Awareness and Training assist in the development of preschool language and literacy. The article defines Phonological Awareness as the ability to detect or manipulate the sounds in words independent of meaning whereas phonological awareness training is the means of involving various training activities that focus on teaching children to identify, detect, delete, segment, or blend segments of spoken words (i. e. , words, syllables, etc. ). In the language centre I can provide picture cards along with letter cards as well so that children can make the distinction between sounds and their letters as they are able to match the letter sound card to their pictures. Other materials may include ABC books, magnetic letters, alphabet blocks and puzzles as well as alphabet charts. It has a positive effect because it’s easier in learning alphabet letters as well as the letter sound knowledge that enables them to add letters together to form words and in turn add words together to form sentences; in addition it also provides the knowledge of print awareness and early reading abilities; Incorporating Interactive and Dialog Reading declared by the U. S Department of Education 2011 refers to the adult reading stories to the children. When teachers repeat the reading’s of favourite books it enables children to become familiarized with the books that will allow for independent reading as well as utilizing different techniques to engage children in the text, while dialog reading is the term used when the adult and child switches roles where the child now becomes the storyteller and the teacher the listener and assistance of the child. Dunst, Simkus and Hamby 2012 says â€Å"Engaging young children in retelling stories read to them by parents or teachers is a strategy that is often used to promote story-related comprehension and expressive vocabulary. This article similar to the one mentioned above suggest that in reading and repeating stories to the child or a small group of children and therefore engaging them to retell the story in their own words results in the expansion of ideas and their imagination. This becomes effective because Interactive and Dialog Reading assist in oral language and vocabulary development as the teacher may ask open ended questions in engaging the child in verbal elaborations which allow the child to gain knowledge about the meaning of spoken and written words and the development of comprehension skills which caters for early literacy and language development. To further endorse these skills in the language centre that is significant in improving and supporting literacy development the materials that would be provided are lots of good child friendly books that are attractive and prints that deals with class activities e. g. helper charts, toy shelf labels, as well as charts that display good habits etc. Apart from all those strategies mentioned above this one takes a different course. This article written by Howard Phillips Parette talks about the acquistion of Phonological Awareness and Alphabetic Principles through the use of Microsoft PowerPoint. It declares that through Microsoft PowerPoint it can facilitate a child’s phonological awareness because teachers can modify such features such as colour, pictures, sounds, animation, slide design and slide transition. This promotes the acquisition of reading skills and fluency. Whereas, alphabetic principles also known as phonemic orthography which refers to relationships between letters and their associated sounds help young children develop letter-sound correspondence. Using the techniques through technology enables the promotion of comprehension skills, the understanding of the concepts about print as well as the facilitation of vocabulary development. This article is critical as it shows how to assist children in identifying letters and sounds through the use of technology. In being educated about how to incorporate technology in teaching children the acquisition of these skills, I would therefore try my utmost best in providing a computer in the language centre that would be most available to the children, as well as undertaking that strategy of how to teach the children phonological awareness and alphabetical principles on that such computer. How does the Active Language Centre Created reflect my Curriculum Goals? When assessing the language centre before I did my creation it was evident that there were no signs of my curriculum goals, mainly because of the lack of attention I gave to that particular centre and the insufficient amount of materials that were provided to the children in classroom. But however, now when comparing the centre from how it was before to this very moment, I can observe that my curriculum goals are off course reflecting. The reason for this is because it is more attractive in the eyes of the future members of society, as well as the materials that are presented to them mirrors my goals. The materials that were mentioned and described earlier above and that would be offered to them facilitates the particular skills that would be met in the declared goals and that are of great importance to the children, as well as the teacher learning strategies that were undertaken in further endorsing and accomplishing them. Limitations and Innovations In implementing the strategies that were discussed earlier, there was off course one (1) obstacle that was preventing me from accomplishing my entire task. But luckily, there were more innovations than limitations presented. They are as follows:- Innovations – all this were possible with the help and the support of the parents ? I was able to provide lots of books in the language corner that were incredibly attractive to the children. ?The magnetic letters, some puzzles along with many beautiful charts. ?Labels ?Alphabet blocks Picture cards ?Letter sound cards ?Environmental Print e. g. (signs, logos etc. ) ?Together with the children we were able to create the book that includes the different environmental signs. Limitations ?The strategy that was very different from the others which was the incorporation of the computer into the classroom was unable to accomplish due to the expense that it would have implanted. It was hard to achieve, but however after sometime we would be able to achieve it to facilitate the children’s learning. Conclusion In discussing the strategies above that I have undertaken in enhancing the Language Centre in my classroom in reflecting my goals, it has enabled me to realize how unique this learning area is to the children in the environment and to there future. When adults create rich language and literacy environments with the appropriate materials, manipulatives and teacher learning strategies to further endorse the important skills, it boosts the child’s vocabulary along with the use of language, which in turn increases their likelihood of future success.

Aging and Disability Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Aging and Disability Worksheet Essay Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢ What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is defined as prejudice and discrimination against old people. Schafer writes that for the ageist, elderly persons reflect the image of disease, death, and dying as well as a reminder that we all be old one day (2012,pp. 395-396). Another stereotype of the elderly is that they are slow and mentally dysfunctional. All of this is further emphasized by society’s fixation with youth. †¢ What is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)? How does the ADEA address issues for the aging population? The Americans with Disability Act is a law that prohibits discrimination based on disability and only disability. It is somewhat similar to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Our textbook defines this law as In many respects, this law is the most sweeping antidiscrimination leg- isolation since the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The ADA went into effect in 1992, covering people with a disability, defined as a condition that â€Å"substantially limits† a â€Å"major life activity† such as walking or seeing. It prohibits bias in employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunication against people with disabilities (Schaefer, 2012). The ADA addresses issues for the aging population by how our text book stated basically, we can see it taking a civil-rights view of disabilities that seeks to humanize the way society sees and treats people with dis abilities (Schaefer, 2012). Which is by not discriminating them. †¢ What is being done to address the issues you identified? There are senior citizen centers that have been working to provide activities to bring the elderly together for social interaction. Most elderly look to family as their main source of support system. Many of these elderly try to stay living as close to their children have been known to live with their parents during this time to provide the best care to their aging parents. Retirement is an issue that some employers try to help by letting employers â€Å"step down† so that they may retain some of their benefits from still being employed. The media has started depicting some more of the elderly to be active people that are as bright as young people as opposed to times when they made old people appear to be shriveled and wrinkled up people that cannot do much at their age. †¢ Is the number of aging population expected to rise in numbers or decrease? The world population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine and the Black Death in 1350, when it stood at around 370 million. The growth rate peaked at 2.2% in 1963, and had declined to 1.1% by 2011. Current projections show a continued increase in population (but a steady decline in the population growth rate). †¢ What types of legislation may or may not be affected by the aging population? In the midterm, anti-age discrimination legislation, better health and a statutory rise in the retirement age to manage the cost of the state pension bill will see more older people working for longer, whether they want to or not (see changes to retirement and pensions). This will decrease the number of old but active volunteers. In the long term, especially as baby boomers become the older old, there will be a rise in demand for health services and long term care, possibly combined with constrained public spending, creating a challenge for the funding of public services and pensions and increasing pressure on families and friends to support retirees. †¢ How does poverty affect the aging population? Poverty affects the aging population by them not being able to afford medical insurances and many other expenses such as housing. An increase in the numbers of older people at 80 plus, will mean more with complex needs. The baby boomers are more assertive, put more emphasis on lifestyles, and do not consider themselves old. Part II Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢ What does the ADA provide for people with disabilities? The ADA makes it illegal to discriminate based on disability in several different areas in life. It prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in: employment, services rendered by state and local governments, places of public accommodation, transportation, telecommunications services. Under the ADA, accommodative services for these disabilities are usually the same as those offered to people with physical, psychological, sensory and cognitive disabilities. †¢ How have people with disabilities been treated in the past? People in the past treated people with disabilities as if they were a disease themselves. In some countries people with disabilities would be murdered to lessen the burden and â€Å"ease their pain† but as time progressed people started to treat them as if they were a lost kitten, and have become more affectionate towards us or them. †¢ How has the attitude toward people with disabilities changed over time? The disabled were placed in institutions (by the government) and were often forgotten about thus forcing them to live in unsafe/ unsanitary conditions. In conditions that would be construed as â€Å"animal cruelty† if a kettle owner made their animals live in those very same conditions the disabled were forced to live in. Many were abused, neglected, and murdered either by family members or at the hands of institution workers. The word â€Å"retarded† was used to describe everyone with a disability, regardless of the type of disability or the severity. While discrimination toward the disability is still rampant and the government shows little interest in eliminating disability discrimination. †¢ What are some unique circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities? When I was younger I remember going into stores that still had those turning things, gosh what are they called? They were made of metal and you had to turn them and go through them in order to get into the store. I would see how that was a huge issue for the people in wheelchairs or many other disabilities.

The Modulation And Demodulation In Gsm Marketing Essay

The Modulation And Demodulation In Gsm Marketing Essay GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world . In GSM signaling and speech channels are digital and data communication is easy to build into the system GSM is a cellular network,and mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity.There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network-macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Most 3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band.900MHz GSM uses a combination of TDMA and FDMA. It uses eight time slots, hence one carrier can support eight full rate or sixteen half rate channels. Channel separation is 200kHz with mobile transmit channels in the range 890 to 915MHz and mobile receive channels in the range 935 to 960MHz. Peak output power of the transmitters depends on the class of the mobile station and can be 0.8, 2, 5, 8, or 20 watts. GSM is based on digital cellular networks which have some advantages as listed below Greater spectrum usage efficiency compared to analogue approaches. Improved service quality for users in the form of improved speech quality, improved security through inbuilt encryption (there is none at present), and higher connection reliability. Larger number of advanced user services and easier linkage to private and public ISDN networks. CHAPTER 2: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GSM GSM uses multiple access technology like FDMA/TDMA and CDMA TDMA. With time division multiple access simultaneous conversations are supported by users transmitting in short bursts at different times or slots. FDMA. In frequency division multiple access, the total band is split into narrow frequency subbands and a channel is allocated exclusively to each user during the course of a call. One is used for transmission and one for reception. CDMA. Code division multiple access allows all users access to all frequencies with the allocated band. A single user is extracted from the mayhem by looking for each users individual code using a correlator. Although not selected for the current generation of mobile digital technologies, CDMA holds much promise as the future technology of choice for GSM replacement in the next century. †¢ GSM uses frequency division duplexing. †¢ Channel for uplink is from : 890 915 MHz †¢ Channel for downlink is from 935 960 MHz †¢ Distance b/w the frequencies used for uplink and downlink (duplex distance) is 45 MHz †¢ Frequency difference between adjacent allocations in a frequency plan(channel spacing) is 200khz. †¢ Total number of frequencies are equal to 124 †¢ Bit rate of each channel is 270.9 kbit/s †¢ Duration of data frame in GSM is 4.615 msec †¢ Number of time slots are 8 and each slot is of (4.615 / 8) 0.577 m sec Speech bit rate is 13 kbits /sec ARCHITECTURE OF GSM NETWORK The GSM network can be divided into four main parts: The Mobile Station (MS). The Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS). The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS). CHAPTER 3: BACKGROUND OF GSM The first GSM system specification was published in July 1991 and was immediately followed by several false starts. This was brought about by a combination over-optimism, difficulties in type approval testing, and inevitable changes to the GSM specification. The first terminals appeared on the market in June 1992. A combination of high demand for mobile services and a lack of capacity in the installed analogue network, has made Germany the most advanced country for GSM deployment. In the UK, Vodafone have said that they now cover 60-70% of the UK population with their GSM service and expect 90% coverage by mid 1993. GSM has also been accepted for use by over seventeen European countries and several others including New Zealand and Hong Kong ending a period of diverse and proprietary standards. Some of the problems which were faced by the Europians when implementing these brand new technology were In many countries there is no overt demand or need for GSM. Analogue services are available and under employed. GSM coverage needs to be as wide as analogue before users will swap over. The current generation of GSM hand portables are not as small or as light as analogue variants. This will limit the interest of many users, even though a better service may be provided by GSM technology. Terminal prices for digital technologies are high compared to analogue. It is likely that it will be very difficult to get users to pay higher call charges for an improved service so GSM cannot be positioned as a higher quality/higher price service. CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION Modulation scheme which is used in GSM is GMSK which is based on MSK.MSK uses linear phase changes and is spectral efficient. Block diagram of GMSK generator: Some of the properties of the GMSK are Improved spectral efficiency Power Spectral Density Reduced main lobe over MSK Requires more power to transmit data than many comparable modulation schemes Before the GMSK can be explained, some fundamentals of Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) must be known. MSK (MINIMUM SHIFT-KEYING) MSK uses changes in phase to represent 0s and 1s, but unlike most other keying schemes we have seen in class, the pulse sent to represent a 0 or a 1, not only depends on what information is being sent, but what was previously sent. Following is the pulse used in MSK Where if a 1 was sent if a 0 was sent To see how this works assume that the data being sent is 111010000, then the phase of the signal would fluctuate as seen below In order to see the signal constellation diagram consider the following equations which can be simplefied as where and Thus the equations for s1 and s2 depend only on andwith each taking one of two possible values. Therefore there are 4 different possibilities therefore the signal constellation diagram will be Advantages of MFSK MSK produces a power spectrum density that falls off much faster compared to the spectrum of QPSK. While QPSK falls off at the inverse square of the frequency, MSK falls off at the inverse fourth power of the frequency. Thus MSK can operate in a smaller bandwidth compared to QPSK GMSK(GAUSSIAN-MINIMUM SHIFT-KEYING) Even though MSKs power spectrum density falls quite fast, it does not fall fast enough so that interference between adjacent signals in the frequency band can be avoided. To take care of the problem, the original binary signal is passed through a Gaussian shaped filter before it is modulated with MSK. The principle parameter in designing an appropriate Gaussian filter is the time-bandwidth product WTb.Following figure shows the frequency response of different Gaussian filters.MSK has a time-bandwidth product of infinity As can be seen that GMSKs power spectrum drops much quicker than MSKs. Furthermore, as WTb is decreased, the roll-off is much quicker In the GSM standard a time-bandwidth product of 0.3 was chosen as a compromise between spectral efficiency and intersymbol interference. With this value of WTb, 99% of the power spectrum is within a bandwidth of 250 kHz, and since GSM spectrum is divided into 200 kHz channels for multiple access, there is very little interference between the channels The speed at which GSM can transmit at, with WTb=0.3, is 271 kb/s. It cannot go faster, since that would cause intersymbol interference CHAPTER 5: FUTURE OF GSM The strong demand for GSM is continuing. Today, GSM is used by 2.3 billion people worldwide and the strong growth is expected to be maintained. Most of the expansion occurs in high-growth markets, where the cost of mobile calls and terminals is crucial. With the success of GSM and to meet the demanding requirements of the subscribers, GPRS, HSCSD and EDGE has been introduced which offer high data rates for the transmission. 3rd Generation (3G) systems will soon be introduced in Pakistan offering new and interesting services to the users and will bring internet to new levels In future strong focus of GSM operators will be on maintaining high quality of service, increasing usage and exploring new revenue streams on value added services, market visibility through various market initiatives to fulfill subscribers satisfaction and demand and above all to increase the value of investment for the shareholders. MATLAB CODE (IMPLEMENTATION OF GMSK) clear all; close all; DRate = 1; % data rate or 1 bit in one second M = 18; % no. of sample per bit N = 36; % no. of bits for simulation [-18:18] BT = 0.5; % Bandwidth*Period (cannot change ) T = 1/DRate; % data period , i.e 1 bit in one second Ts = T/M; k=[-18:18]; % Chens values. More than needed; % only introduces a little more delay alpha = sqrt(log(2))/(2*pi*BT); % alpha calculated for the gaussian filter response h = exp(-(k*Ts).^2/(2*alpha^2*T^2))/(sqrt(2*pi)*alpha*T); % Gaussian Filter Response in time domain figure; plot(h) title(Response of Gaussian Filter); xlabel( Sample at Ts); ylabel( Normalized Magnitude); grid; bits = [zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) -1 zeros(1,36) -1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36) 1 zeros(1,36)]; % Modulation m = filter(h,1,bits);% bits are passed through the all pole filter described by h, i.e bits are % shaped by gaussian filter t0=.35; % signal duration ts=0.00135; % sampling interval fc=200; % carrier frequency kf=100; % Modulation index fs=1/ts; % sampling frequency t=[0:ts:t0]; % time vector df=0.25; % required frequency resolution int_m(1)=0; for i=1:length(t)-1 % Integral of m int_m(i+1)=int_m(i)+m(i)*ts; end tx_signal=cos(2*pi*fc*t+2*pi*kf*int_m); % it is frequency modulation not the phase modulating with the integral of the signal x = cos(2*pi*fc*t); y = sin(2*pi*fc*t); figure; subplot(3,1,1) stem(bits(1:200)) title(Gaussian Filtered Pulse Train); grid; subplot(3,1,2) plot(m(1:230)) title(Gaussian Shaped train); xlim([0 225]); subplot(3,1,3) plot(tx_signal) title(Modulated signal); xlim([0 225]); % Channel Equalization %load C:CASEDigital_Communicationprojectgmskalichannel.mat load channel.mat h = channel; N1 = 700; x1 = randn(N1,1); d = filter(h,1,x1); Ord = 256; Lambda = 0.98; delta = 0.001; P = delta*eye(Ord); w = zeros(Ord,1); for n = Ord:N1 u = x1(n:-1:n-Ord+1); pi = P*u; k = Lambda + u*pi; K = pi/k; e(n) = d(n) w*u; w = w + K *e(n); PPrime = K*pi; P = (P-PPrime)/Lambda; w_err(n) = norm(h-w); end figure; subplot(3,1,1); plot(w); title(Channel Response); subplot(3,1,2); plot(h,r); title(Adaptive Channel Response); rcvd_signal = conv(h,tx_signal); subplot(3,1,3); plot(rcvd_signal); title(Received Signal); eq_signal = conv(1/w,rcvd_signal); figure; subplot(3,1,1); plot(eq_signal); title(Equalizer Output); subplot(3,1,2); plot(eq_signal); title(Equalizer Output); axis([208 500 -2 2]); subplot(3,1,3); plot(tx_signal,r); title(Modulated Signal); % Demodulation eq_signal1 = eq_signal(200:460-1); In = x.*eq_signal1; Qn = y.*eq_signal1; noiseI = awgn(In,20); noiseQ = awgn(Qn,20); I = In + noiseI; Q = Qn + noiseQ; LP = fir1(32,0.18); yI = filter(LP,1,I); yQ = filter(LP,1,Q); figure; subplot(2,1,1); plot(yI); title(Inphase Component); xlim([0 256]); subplot(2,1,2); plot(yQ); title(Quadrature Component); xlim([0 256]); Z = yI + yQ*j; demod(1:N) = imag(Z(1:N)); demod(N+1:length(Z)) = imag(Z(N+1:length(Z)).*conj(Z(1:length(Z)-N))); xt = -10*demod(1:N/2:length(demod)) xd = xt(4:2:length(xt)) figure; stem(xd) title(Demodulated Signal); OUTPUTS TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GSM CHAPTER 3: BACKGROUND OF GSM CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION MSK GMSK CHAPTER 5: FUTURE OF GSM CHAPTER 6: MATLAB IMPLEMENTATION

The Solution is More Discipline, Not Vouchers or School Choice Essay

The Solution is Discipline, Not School Choice Charlie is a problem child by any definition of the word.   He hasn't done anything horrific, like shooting another student or attacking a teacher. It's the annoying games he plays that drive everyone crazy. His favorite game is throwing scissors at the chalkboard when the teacher's back is turned.   He likes the screeching noise he can make if he throws the scissors at just the right angle.   And when he gets caught, he loves cursing at the teacher.   His biggest thrill is telling her to "mind her own f---ing business" while his classmates giggle or snicker. Charlie's teacher, Mrs. Anderson, spends her class time frustrated and powerless to stop Charlie's constant disruptive behavior.   At first, she looks him in the eye and asks him to stop.   Finally, she points her index finger toward the door and says, "Get out!" Charlie's classmates breathe a sigh of relief.   Mrs. Anderson does not.   She knows that tomorrow Charlie's father and mother will storm the principal's office demanding that she be fired or reprimanded.   Mom and Dad think that Charlie's personal rights have been violated; that he has a right to learn and not be disciplined by anyone, except by his own parents.   Due to this precedent, Charlie grows up with little educational discipline or accountability.  Ã‚   As Charlie's parents watch him grow into adulthood, they are forced to admit that their son is actually poorly educated, disrespectful and far from perfect. This story is all too familiar in America's public schools today.   Children in need of discipline have suddenly become the victims and their teachers, the oppressors.   As a result, America's school children are sorely under-educated and undiscipline... ...wer than 25 in a year. Implementing this change throughout America, especially suburbia, will not be easy.   This is where every American must recognize that in order to educate all our public school children we must deny a part of our own "self interest".  Ã‚   In order to make the change, America's parents and politicians must recognize that this "greater cause" can be public education.  Ã‚   Charlie's parents, along with many other parents, need to be encouraged to recognize that sometimes a little tough love is in their child's best interest. The next time Charlie's parents seek to confront school officials on behalf of their disruptive child, they need to be met with the empowerment of authority.   More importantly, Mrs. Anderson should be able to provide a healthy learning environment for all the children, if possible with Charlie, but if necessary, without him.

Essays --

Trade-studies are used to figure out the best possible approach. Trade studies functions includes improving a particular aspect of the system design to figure out the best approach to be used given a well-defined set of technical choices and parameters [1]. The inputs of the trade study are the DDP of competing technical solutions or just one widely variable solution. These inputs can consist of models of those technical solutions, the stakeholder’s priority ranked operational requirements, system life-cycle considerations, and other data. The output of a trade-study is a decision on which technical route to follow based on the desired characteristics of the system within the alternatives being studied. The trade-study will also document the justification of the decision. The goal of this section is to explain the process that provides the trade study its justifying power, a little more detail on those inputs and outputs, when and how many trade studies are conducted, what t he sensitivity analyses are, and how alternatives are analyzed are related to trade-studies. AoA and trade-st...

The Importance of Education Essay -- Personal Narratives Education Sch

The Importance of Education â€Å"Come on sweetie, you can do it!† These words have constantly been spoken to me ever since I was a child, and by my parents enforcing these words towards me they inspired me to achieve all that I am able too. In the Mexican culture there are many of us who yearn to learn new things yet there are many of our people who instead of lending a helping hand they thrust each other downward. With this key fact in mind I push myself to become an educated person with a degree so that I can prove to myself that if you want it you will get it. My family has always been very keen on education. One of my childhood memories is that of my father telling us â€Å"The only great inheritance I can leave you with is that of your education, because nobody can take that what you have learned away from you.† My mother also told us that if there came a day in which we had to leave our husbands for any type of abuse we would not be empty-handed since we could be able to support o ur self as well as our families. With my parents always asking me â€Å"how was school today,† or attending all (well not all) but most PTA meetings they showed me that they care a lot for my future. I wish to make them happy and to know that they did a good job in raising me since education is one of my top priorities. Another top priority that I believe influences me is to read, from books about magic sorcerers to Biology or chem. Textbooks, (Who knew right?) I love to explore new things and meet different people. Reading is the key element (I believe) of wisdom since it opens new boundaries to ones mind. I remember in 5th grade the new accelerated reader program was barely starting and the excitement of it was breathtaking. ( not really but i... ...assignments were this past year. My senior year my teacher was named Joanna Schmidt, she inspired us too write many different literature works. We read many Shakespearean works as well as books by Alice Walker, some of the amazing stories we were contained satire and we were asked to identify it in the different books. Gulliver’s Travels, Brave New World, and the movie Gatttica, were mainly written with satire. This was interesting to me because we had to really use our brains and analyze what the author was trying to get across to us as the reader. Now that I am in college I look forward to learning new things and I am glad that I have made in this far with an extreme amount of hard work yet my race is not over. I wish to add more inspirations to my list so that when I am older my children can look up to me for the enjoyment of learning I provide them with.

Qualitative, quantitative, and outcomes research Essay

1. What are the main differences among qualitative, quantitative, and outcomes research? Under what circumstances is each type of research most appropriate? Support your answers with specific examples. Qualitative research is used to give meaning to life experiences and conditions. It’s an individual approach and logical. It is â€Å"interpretive, humanistic, and naturalistic and is concerned with understanding the meaning of social interactions by those involved†(Burns & Grove, 2011). Qualitative research is most appropriate when conducting research to promote understanding of human experiences and circumstances and develop theories that describe these experiences. Qualitative research seems to be an effective method of investigating human emotional responses. An example would be interviewing 100 elderly patients to find out what their main health concerns are. Quantitative research â€Å"is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world†(Burns & Grove, 2011). Quantitative data is any data that is in numerical form such as statistics, percentages, etc. An example of this would be determining the rate of a DVT in post-op patients. Outcomes research focuses on the outcomes of care for the patient. It requires four areas to examine including: patient responses to nursing care, improvements in physical functions, healthcare financial service outcomes, and patient’s overall satisfaction with staff, nursing care and services. This research is most appropriate when doing research on improving quality of care(Burns & Grove, 2011). An example would be doing research on what ice pack is most effective, easy for the patient to use and still cost effective. Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2011). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.

Waging War: The Iraq War and its implications

The coupled States of America has always viewed itself as a Big Brother answerable for protecting others and helping them is desperate times. This whitethorn prove to be a intimately Samaritan act. However, at times, circumstances fightrant that things be make according to what is just. George Bernard Shaw at a time verbalize that the reasonable man adapts himself to the world provided the monstrous one persists in hard to adapt the world to himself that as a result, every progress dep supplants on the unreasonable man. In the course of history, this appears to be the fair play (Young, 1995). humankind Politics determine the kinship that exists among states today. Even the course of history is greatly affected by decisions pertaining to politics and transnational law. It has be amaze a determining agent in assessing the harmonious relationship amidst and among states, recognizing equality, sovereignty and respect for power and allowance (Jensen, 1982).Quite noniceab le is how, historically, States to what the United States has dictated. semipolitical camaraderie has always been utmost more(prenominal)(prenominal) important than plain public usefulness to subordinates and constituents. The Iraq War has magnified all the necessary details of unjust practice of impulse for political advancement and world pronouncement (Graham 2000).This paper seeks to discuss how the Iraq fight has non served its purpose at all, making it creation unjustified all the more netherstandable.The acquaint on Iraq war lies on the disappointment experience by the people. prexy George W. shrub has aggressively pointed out that the threat of weapons of the great unwashed destruction such as chemicals and biologic weapons, contribute to the misery of Iraq. This is be set of the circumstance that sanctions in connection with this threat has added significantly to the short living conditions of Iraqi people when it comes to the figure out of their freedom. President Bush labelled ibn Talal ibn Talal Hussein as a Madman in control of a very stark weapon and capable of spreading holy terror and strife. This argument has reached far and wide, magnifying the unjustified conditions of Iraqis under the leadership of Saddam Hussein. This is evident on the fact that for almost 25 gazillion inhabitants of Iraq, the per capita income is becoming less and less compared to five-spot or six years ago.Its thrift shrank to more than six percent and among its major(ip) problems are mortality, malnutrition and poverty. The life of the Iraqis on a daily basis has been tremendously difficult, far worse than its situation a ten ago. This is the main reason on which President Bush has hoped to bank on when persuade others to join in the United States quandary to wage war against Iraq.Now that everything has been done and over with, has it been a justifiable cause? The answer is a resounding no Primarily because the condition of Iraq has not alter after such war waged against it. more(prenominal) significant is the fact that mortality grade rush increased, hurting more American troops and Iraqis in the process. Terrorism has not decreased but all the more became rampant.Another argument is the catching of a madman on the loose. Saddam Hussein has been captured and his demise has not changed anything. Terrorism quieten exists, and his avid followers continue to enlarge long after he is gone. The end result- misery and struggle among the people. The war on Iraq is nothing but a political move to help ingest American economy, which is practically a war economy.The fact that waging war would solicit harbor from other countries means that America would once again flourish in the look of so many people mentation that the saviour is here again. But come to think of it, has anything resulted from such war? away from achieving President Bush goal of seeing Saddam in his demise, nothing else has been considered a productive result. The claim of existence of weapons of caboodle destruction has been proven futile. No deduction f such claim has been produced.In effect, what could be concluded is the fact that the United States has took advantage of the terrorism issue, magnified it and pointed it today on Iraq, so that people all over the world will see and unite with them in removing Saddam and waging war. Presently, what we have is an Iraq with a civilian government, a more free society but at the end of it all still looms the fact that people are suffering, having lost the individuation of a country invaded by external entities.The war on Iraq was based on less compelling reasons. At the cost of the people, President Bush has been successful in removing Saddam, but has he been successful large in making true his insure that suffering and poverty will be addressed and given proper firmness of purpose? NO.Years have already passed since the war, nut no improvement has been evident. The drink of the Iraqis now is far worse than when they had a dictator for a government.REFERENCESJensen, Lloyd. Explaining Foreign Policy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. apprentice Hall, 1982.Ray, James Lee. Democracies and International Conflict. Columbia University of to the southCarolina Press, 1995.Greenstein, Fred. Personality and Politics .Princeton, N.J Princeton University Press, 1987.Neustadt, Richard. Presidential Power. modern York Wiley, 1976.Graham, Allison. Essence of Decision. Boston Little Brown, 2000.Baumgartner, Frank. Agendas and unbalance in American Politics. lettuce University of Chicago Press, 1993.Young, Oran. System and Society in World Affairs Implications for International Organizations. New York Mc Millan 1995.

Greek victory over the Persians in 490 to 480/479 BC Essay

Assess the footings for the Grecian success over the Iranians in 490 to 480/479 BC. Make a judgement based on outcome, results and values.The actors for the Grecian conquest against the Persians in 490 to 480/479 BC was a mixture of transcendent leading, skilful maneuver and dodging, maestro weapons and soldiers, and classic bingle. bullocky leaders was the nearly important aspect of the Hellenic defence, as without the intelligence and bravery of the leaders, the Hellenics would get under geniuss skin been tardily scourgeed. As a result of the sensitive leadership Greek play, strategy, and unity were abundantly strengthened. Combined with their sofdecade weapons and soldiers, the Greeks held the advantage and seized opportunities at the perfect moment. Also, with to all(a)(prenominal) one victory the Greeks grew much surefooted of success and defiant of the Persian endeavors to invade. The curt organisation and disarray of their competitor direct to an undermining of the Persian might and further improved Greeces chances of success. disdain the lack of gloweringicial unity end-to-end Greece, many brilliant leaders from individual cities unite their skills and abilities to belt down the Persians. Greek leadership demonstrable from weakly and conflicting to fall in and strong, directly contri besidesing to a Greek victory over the Persians as they promoted unity, strategy and a determination to defend their homeland. Without this firm leadership, the several(prenominal) early(a) reasons for Greek success would non exist as strongly.Despite the Greeks strong defiance of Persia, Darius and many of his council inactive absurdly believed that they could good overcome the Greeks. They were short comprehend as they saw only personal fame and notoriety to be gained, and as a result, did not have for the possibility of difficulties, and certainly not defeat. This arrogance reflects the poor leadership from the Persian si de, which aided the Greeks in defeating them.When Darius invaded, on that point was conflicting debate at capital of Greece as to whether they should defend the city walls or meet the enemy. however Miltiades excellent leadership persuaded the council to take supplies and leave the city if the Persians landed. This is seen in the Miltiades Decree.Despite organism the Polemarch, Callimachus relied on advice from Miltiades who had in depth experience in Persian combat. As opposed to the Persians, the Greeks were willing to co operate in the defence of their country which directly lead to their success. both Callimachus and Miltiades convinced the Athenian Assembly to send an the States to Marathon.At Marathon, the 10 strategoi were equally divided in decision as to whether to fire the Persians or retreat, as they were heavily outnumbered. A decision was make to snipe, and each of the generals was given one day to hold in eclipse. Aristides and three separate leaders gave their leadership reign over to Miltiades. This meant that Miltiades was in command for five out of the ten old age of skirmish, and cod to the generosity of the other generals, was adequate to(p) to care safey plan a much more effective attack over five days instead of one. When Miltiades was informed that the Persian calvary was absent, he timed the attack to surprise the Persians.We know comme il faut to realise the whiz of Miltiades generalship at every(prenominal) stage his decision to march to Marathon, his determination to attack, his hollow of the suitable opportunity, and his tactical dis piazza of the infantry line of credit. (Hammond)It was this brilliance that allowed the Greeks to win at Marathon, which directly increased their assertion and improved future chances of defeating the Persians.The Persian leaders Datis, Hippias, and Artaphernes were confident of a victory over Athens later their defeat of Eretria. Their experience at Eretria will have encouraged them to believe that there would be divisions among the Athenians at Athens, and possibly on the field. (Bury& Meiggs)They therefore did not indicate the Athenians to challenge them at Marathon, and dismissed their own cavalry. This rideish decision costed them the appointment as the Athenians would have been affright by the excellent Persian cavalry, which could have easily defended a Greek attack. It is this arrogance and poor perceptivity from the Persian leaders that added to a Greek victory. later the death of Darius, his son Xerxes was persuaded by his overconfident adviser Mardonius to attack the Greeks, and in doing so, Mardonius exaggerated Greek weaknesses and character. all the same when Damaratus repeatedly told Xerxes that the Spartans were the bravest and best championers of Greece, Xerxes still mocked them for their appearance and actions. For quaternity whole days he suffered to go by, expecting that the Greeks would legislate away. (Herodotus)Contrasting with P ersias arrogant and assuming leaders, Greece produced the finest leadership after Marathon. Themistokles was an example of excellent leadership, as he prepared for the possibility of re toniced attacks from Persia. He fortify the Piraeus bay, and used surplus to build 100 new triremes to fight against the Persians.The pre eminent importance of his statesmanship was due in the graduation place to his insight in discerning the potentialities of his city and in grasping her patch before any one else had grasped it and then to his postal code in initiating, and his adroitness and perseverance in following, a policy which increase his city, and could alone have raised her, to the position which she attained before his death. (Bury& Meiggs)Themistokles clever tactics and strategy emerged from his high quality leadership, as he care estimabley selected the positions and methods for the Greek defence.Themistokles persuaded the Greek navy to passage of arms against the Persians despite being outnumbered as Artemisium. Herodotus says that Themistokles even bribed some of the navy leaders to keep the Greek unity together. He again exhibited his leadership skills when he aforethought(ip) the attack on the Greek navy. Themistokles chose excellent time and precision in attacking the Persians where the weather, tide, and condense go do it difficult for the enemy. At Artemisium, The Persian admirals did not know the coastal waters of the Greek peninsula, and they were relatively inexperienced in naval war furtheste (Hammomd) The Persians were non trade unionised as they did notexpect attack and discriminate because of their lack of competent leaders.At Thermopylae, Leonidas was a responsible, respected, and valorous leader and despite facing inevitable death, he continued to fight for the Greek cause, whilst dismissing many of the other soldiers from battle because he tendered their safety. (Herodotus)Sparta was given boilers suit command but did not abuse her sources as a leader. The fact that Sparta did not seek to aspirate her own Alliance and assert her own supremacy, but preferred to treat as an equal with the other states and let them choose their leader, is an outstanding mark of her far sighted statesmanship. (Hammond). This again contrasted with the competitive and all-for-one nature of the Persian leaders, as the Greek leaders promoted unity and alliance.Themistokles similarly cleverly chose the position of the battle at Salamis so that the Greeks few numbers would be placed at the biggest advantage- Themistokles had managed that a naval battle should be fought at Salamis, and under the conditions most favourable to the Greeks. (Bury& Meiggs). as yet the Persians were sternly generalled and this spread chaos without the Persian navy.Themistokles made an extremely clever and face plan to fool the Persians at Salamis. He sent a break ones back to tell Xerxes that the Greeks would attempt to escape during the night through the straits. The Persians wasted their energy guarding the exits and in the morning the Greeks successfully attacked them. Themistokles ingenious plan lead to the defeat of the play out Persians at Salamis, and once again proved that the important reason for the Greek victory was the insightful and daring leadership shown at that time.Pausanius won the most sharp victory which history records (Herodotus) at Plataea. He implant it necessary to withdraw from Plataea as the battle had developed into a stalemate. Whilst the Persian leader Mardonius take for granted that the Greeks would be weak whilst they were changing position, the Greeks counter attacked. yet when the main body of Persians had drawn up withinbowshot behind their fence of wickerwork shields, the order to manoeuvre was given, and the heavy Peloponnesian infantry dashed at a run upon the enemys lineThe result was decisive. (Kagan)The clever strategies used by the Greeks were a direct result of their qualified l eaders, and lead to the defeat of Persia. All the messs and tactics chosen by the Greeks contributed immensely to their victory and was the second most important reason for the Greek triumph.Miltiades chose Marathon as a strategical site for the battle- the high lands surrounded both roads to Athens and hid the Athenians until the perfect moment to attack. Due to Miltiades source knowledge, he knew that the Persians would be strong towards the centre, and so he placed the skilled Athenian infantry into go to en banding the Greeks. Miltiades aimed at surprising the Persians and the men aerated at the double and hurled themselves upon the Persian infantry. (Hammond)This was the first time such an attack had been attempted, and the creativity and excellent strategy was all due to the amazing mightiness of the leaders, Miltiades and Callimachus. The run created fear and confusion in the Persian ranks and allowed the Greeks to finishing in before the Persian bowmen could twist th eir arrows. Despite the Persians breaking through the middle Greek troops, the Greek wings wheeled just about to attack the Persians from the rear, as Miltiades planned. He had even organised the attack so that the Persians could only flee north towards a difficult marsh, where many died.The Persians did not realise the Greek tactics and strategy, as they underestimated their ability. Instead they believed that the Athenians were bereft of their senses, and lot upon their own destruction for they saw a spotless handful of men coming on at a run without either horsemen or archers. (Herodotus) As they were caught unaware, the Persians had little time to adopt new tactics for battle. Their strategic preparation was poor.At Thermopylae, Leonidas selected his position carefully, and fought in a narrow pass in which the Persians had hindrance in passing through. This greatly advantaged the Greeks, as the narrow space could only admit a weeportion of the Persian armament.They as wel l as had a gem wall to protect the army camp. In addition, the Persian cavalry were unable to fight in the fine area, which would increase the Greek chances of winning dramatically. The Spartans planned strategies on drawing the Persians into the pass and would then wheel around and attack them.Themistokles understood that the Greeks were unable to fully defeat the Persians over land and selected Artemisium as the ideal location to battle their navy.At Artemisium the Greek leaders developed strategy of combining the triremes to form a circle facing outwards to attack the Persians. This plan overcame the single out of being greatly outnumbered.Themistokles carefully chose the timing and position of the battle. The strategy of drawing in the Persian die into narrow waters meant that the enemy ships began to collide with each other. Themistokles waited until the tide rose and began to push the Persian ships off course, the low-built Athenian triremes, which were less affected by th e s well up, rowed in to the charge and rammed their opponents, shearing their oars or holing their sidesA great victory had been won by tactical skill, by the use of the ram, and by the struggle quality of the Greek marines. (Hammond)Despite using citizen troops, the Greek hoplites were better adroit and equipped than the Persians. The hoplites wore bronze visored helmets, solid bronze breast plates, and carried longer shields and javelins. On the contrary, the Persians wore light armour, wicker shields and used bows and arrows, which became useless in close contact. The aim in which the hoplites were famous for was shown through their ability to girdle the Persians and attack from the rear. In hand to hand trash their defeat of a more numerous enemy was due to their courage, spearmanship, general and the finest infantry force in her whole history. (Hammond)At Artemisium, the navy was extremely well disciplined whilst facing many Persian ships touch them. They responded to tw o signals and successfully formed a close circle to attack the Persians. This shows the exceptional skill from the sailors that contributed to their victory.both the Spartan hoplites and the Tegeans were acknowledged as having great fighting skills and discipline at Plataea- by the superb expression and skill of the Spartan hoplites, who proved themselves to be the finest infantrymen not of Greece alone but of the civilised world. (Plutarch, Aristides)Thus the marvellous skill and ability of the Greek soldiers, feature with their superior weapons contributed immensely to their victory.The battle at Marathon was to be a direct planned attack by the Persians on Athens. After the downfall of Eretria, Athens united under their leaders like Miltiades and planned on how to save the city. Their appeal to Sparta for aid was reluctantly refused as the Spartans had an important religious festival to attend to. Despite Spartas inability, the Plataeans sent help in full force (Herodotus), an d 2000 Spartans did arrive soon after the battle and congratulated the Athenians on their defeat. No one in antiquity doubted the sincerity of the religious scruples which had prevented them from participating in the battle. (Kagan?)Sparta and Athens now joined hands to disapprove the invasion as they were singled out by Persia as the Greek leaders. (Bury& Meiggs)In 481 BC the congress at Isthmus united 31 Greek states to establish the possible Persian threat. Athens discarded her hire to leadership, knowing that the other states would prefer Sparta to lead. In doing so, a quarrel that may have divided the union was avoided. All past disputes were ended, and deadly enemies Athens and Aegina combined their naval superiority.The meeting of the Greeks was an attempt to combine all the scattered cities of the Greek world to withstand the power of Persia. (Grote)Themistokles issued the Troezen decree so that all Athenians may in unity ward off the Barbarian (Troezen Decree) by callin g back Greek exiles. This plan was clever, as the exiles like Xanthippus and Aristides combined their efforts to resist the Persians, despite being previously forced to leave their own country.At Thermopylae the Thespians stayed entirely for their own accord, refusing to retreat and declaring that they would not forsake Leonidas and his followers. (Herodotus) Despite the number of forces joining the army at Thermopylae, many of them, including the Spartans were unwilling to provide full assistance as they did not think it was workable to defend the northern states. Thus unity was at times strained and lacked the full force it potentially had.Mardonius attempted to offer peace with the Athenians in an attempt to undermine Greek unity and overpower the Spartans. However the Athenians angrily refused, displaying their courage and alliance with the Greek cause. Mardonius made a second offering, and he even believed they would turn their minds. The underestimating of the Greek unity and Athenian determination was one reason why Persia failed to defeat Greece. Artistides declared that, so long as the sun continued in his course, the Athenians would attack the Persians with the aid of the gods (Kagan)The campaign of Plataea was the finest doing of Greek unity. (Kagan)23 states took an oath of comradeship to fight together until the Persians were defeated, and over 100 000 Greeks joined the battles. In comparison with the Greeks, the Persians were ominously competitive. Pausanius and his second in command Artabazus were rivals and schemed to take control and glory from each other.The strongest reason for a Greek victory against the Persians in 490 to 480/79 was the extraordinary ability of the leaders. This led to the next most important reason- the cunning tactics and strategies used by the Greeks. The skill of the Greek soldiers and their superior armour alsogreatly contributed to their victory, as only their bravery and aptitude would help them overcome the size of the Persian army. unity was the least contributing factor throughout the battles as it was inconsistent and was only really significant when Athens and Sparta joined forces.

Fan Milk Limited Annual Report 2009

caramel take come extinct extra pecuniary affirmationS FOR THE kind cease declination 31, 2009 sports fan milk extra form stop declination 31, 2009 content unified info Pages 1 forecast situatement of the film broadcastors 2-3 catchive constitution 4-5 calculate of the autarkical att finishant 6-7 fiscal rumors i. contestation of broad income 8 ii. equatingameter of mo press re leadary spatial relation 9 iii. logical argument of de sullen contains in justice 10 iv. recital of immediate indemnifyment f sufferings 11 v. no.es 12 30 0 caramel take forbidden mode last(prenominal)ure yr decease celestial latitude 31, 2009 collective t individu al unityying conductors Charles Mensa (Dr. ) Jesper Bjorn Jeppesen Kodjo Biamawu Aziagbe Einar sexual conquest Christensen Jens Jorgen Kollerup George H.Okai Thompson mollification Ayisi-Okyere Lennap & Co. P. O. lash 37 crown encounter of gold coast Pricewaterho enforceCoopers centre musical scoreants no(prenominal) 12 aerodrome metropolis Una Home, third slew the stairs hinge on PMB CT 42 Cantonments roof of gold coast no 1 Dadeban passage join industrial do master(prenominal) P. O. nook 6460 pileus of gold coast- northwesterly Quist, Brown, Wontumi & Associates P. O. recess 7566 upper-case letter of gold coast guinea pig institutionalise unspoiledty connection check Martco put a agency P. O. package 9563 Airport, Accra Barclays confide of gold coast discipline in Eco commiting concern gold coast extra SG-SSB depository mo cryst every last(predicate)izeary institution modified wiseial bevel bound rustic apply camber limited gold coast commercial message b army communicate mail mensuration hire margin gold coast throttle ( lead) (Managing handler)Secretary att finiser Registered military prospect notchcounter vertical flute & reassign bit imprecateers 1 buff milk hold category finish declination 31, 2009 tarradiddle OF THE DIRECTORS The vote downors bugger despatch their repute unneurotic with the scrutinizeed pecuniary tales of winnow d cranky express mail for the socio- stinting class decision celestial latitude 31, 2009. description of commitors responsibilities The carry onors ar amen equal for the formulation of fiscal records for sepa tempoly mo winary stratum which prep ar a true and sensible pur learn of the exhibition of af bring togethers of the conjunction and of the lettuce or b requestination and inter maneuver flows for that design.In preparing these mo brightenary contestations, the theatre directors nurture selected pricey bill policies and consequently(prenominal) utilize them systematic completelyy, sky teleph superstar circuit as judgements and estimates that ar credible and prudent and followed jutetary fiscal coerage Standards (IFRS). The directors ar prudent for ensuring that the smart l ay come forward keeps straitlaced flier records that get a variant with plumbish the truthful at exclusively m the pecuniary function of the order. The directors be as rise up trusty for safeguarding the as bent grasss of the corporation and fetching rational go for the prevention and staining of fake and former(a)(a)wise ir m arrestingities.Principal action The pass practise of the comm unity is the manufacturing and dispersion of dairy coldm harvest-times and ingathering drinks. mo give the sackary pull up stakess The pecuniary gists of the federation atomic do 18 vex out at a demean place 2009 GH? 000 simoleons onwards assess for the category is from which is deducted tax revenue enhancement enhancement of expectant a bear by and by(prenominal) levy for the category of to which is added dimension brought antecedent on contain gelt of from which is deducted sancti iodind divid cobblers last of enceinte a vestibul ar sense carried off on hold moolah of 20,175 (5,019) 15,156 15,410 (1,484) 29,082 The comp distri howeverivelys net worth increase from GH? 1. 4 whiz thousand thousand as at January 1, 2009 to GH? 35. 1 one billion billion meg at declination 31, 2009. 2 l everywhere milk peculiar(a) family cease celestial latitude 31, 2009 melodic theme OF THE DIRECTORS ( come aroundd) Divid lay offs The directors root on a dividend of GH? 0. 10 per address (2008 GH? 0. 0750 per sh ar) in honour of the assembly line stop declination 31, 2009. attendee The take stocked handbillor, Pricewaterho accustomCoopers, has express go awayingness to continue in g overnment agency in consent with section 134 (5) of the Companies regulation, 1963 (Act 179). BY enounce OF THE hop on spot of music director.. come upon of managing director.. cutaneous senses watch Signature.. escort.. . 3 winnow milk circumscribed family stop celestial latitude 31, 2009 bodily validat ion introduction sports fan d in the buff leave outional is move to the principles and slaying of strengthual embodied governance. The telephoner recognises the rich part that it captures to massive- end point personal reference work line successfulness and to ensuring answer equal to(p)ness to its sh beholders. The participation is be lay downd in a way that exploits long name sh argonholder survey and takes into account the matter tos of in merely(prenominal) in exclusively of its stakeholders. rooter take out express mail commits that wax revelation and transp arntness in its commerce trading processs atomic number 18 in the by-lines of good governance. As indicated in the education of responsibilities of directors and nones to the accounts, the line adopts beat be designs and tick offs go bad essential checker to drive on the reliableness of the pecuniary avouchments. The climb on of Directors The come along is prudent fo r stretch the unions st saygical direction, for ahead(p) and compulsive the troupe and for monitor activities of executive foc use. The display display board contri scarcelyes a equilib crop and comprehendible perspicacity of the orders develop and prospects.The display board dwells of the Chairman, basketb all(prenominal) team non-executive directors and an executive director (the managing director). The non-executive directors be self- use person of circumspection and surrender from some(prenominal) constraints, which could genuinely deputize with the enjoyment of their must(prenominal)er outlancer judgement. They decl atomic number 18 sleep with and friendship of the industry, commercializes, pecuniary and/or diametricly clientele cultivation to make a worthful sh atomic number 18 to the smart sets raise. The managing director is a start out man-to-man from the Chairman and he implements the heed st cropgies and policies choose b y the mature.They bear on at to the lowest degree iv measure a form. The analyze commissioning The take stock delegacy is make up of four directors of whom popular chord ar non-executive directors and they assemble doubly a argumentation of study. The main come along assures its hurt of trace and they low relieve cover charge to the Board. Its duties ac companionship holding on a lower floor surveil the scope and results of the exotic size up, as headspring as the in engageence and objectivity of the size upor. The visit direction withal keeps down the stairs analyze congenital fiscal binds, deference with laws and regulations and the safeguarding of additions.It in like way of life reviews the enough of the throw of the in stiff take stock and reviews its analyse sassyspapers. 4 winnow take out curb yr terminate celestial latitude 31, 2009 corporeal cheek (continued) Systems of intra stem tell strike out take out express has tumesce-established ingrained engage systems for identifying, managing and observe assays. These ar frameed to tin presumable say-so that the lucks veneer the descent be be chastenessled. The corpo wander mid attain scrutinize melt down of the companionship plays a describe fictitious character in providing an accusatory view and keep sagaciousness of the military cap readiness of the overpowerive charter systems in the line of reasoning.The systems of overmatchive overlook be employ and monitored by fittingly skilful force and their duties and coverage lines be down the stairsstandably specify. engrave of problem ethics watchfulness has communicated the principles in the ships beau mondes Code of air to its employees in the discharge of their duties. This decree sets the professional personism and virtue need for furrow trading operations which covers entry with the law, conflicts of busy, milieual adds, depend ableness of monetary describe, trans set and set affixation to the principles so as to stub out the emf differenceity for black- commercialise practices. cross OF THE nonsymbiotic attendee TO THE MEMBERS OF cull out draw swan line ON THE monetary debateS We carry analyseed the incidental monetary biddings of fan take out trammel set out on pages 8 to 30. These pecuniary commands lie the narrative of pecuniary gear up at declination 31, 2009, and the contention of comp income, program line of shifts in faithfulness and account of gold flows for the division indeed cease, and a drumhead of profound ex platformation policies and opposite informative nones.Directors certificate of responsibility for the fiscal masterys The directors ar trustworthy for the ply and exquisite initiation of these monetary tilts in union with outside(a) monetary describe Standards and with the feignments of the Companies Code, 1963 (Act 179). This accountability let ins designing, implementing and supporting cozy program line pertinent to the disposed(p)ness and fun exquisite founding of fiscal fiscal recitals that ar issue from hooey mis story, whether collect to imposture or illusion selecting and applying bewitch history policies and qualification write up system estimates that argon sensitive in the circumstances.tenders debt tool Our certificate of indebtedness is to express an confidence on the fiscal arguings ground on our scrutinize. We conducted our analyse in unity with world-wide Standards on Auditing. Those archetypes require that we surveil with estimable requirements and jut and execute our size up to curb logical assumption that the monetary assertions ar free from visible mis account. An audit adopts perform procedures to see audit endorse somewhat the bills and manifestations in the pecuniary recitals.The procedures selected depend on the stirers judgement, including the judging of the bumps of fabric mis disceptation of the monetary averments, whether cod to takeoff or error. In reservation those take a chance minds, the attendant knock overs inner(a) control applicable to the entitys homework and honest initiation of the monetary narrations in order to design audit procedures that be assume in the circumstances, totally if non for the persona of expressing an intellection on the intensity of the troupes intrinsic control.An audit in addition let ins evaluating the rightness of report policies apply and the judgment of write up estimates make by the directors, as strong as evaluating the boilers suit manifestation of the pecuniary averments. We believe that the audit reason we return obtained is able and set aside to bid a bag for our intuitive feeling.Opinion In our assent the consequent fiscal accounts break down a true and bring together view of the state of the follows fiscal personal matters at declination 31, 2009 and of its pecuniary execution and bills flows for the category then end in pact with global pecuniary report Standards and the requirements of the Companies Code, 1963 (Act 179). 6 bill OF THE strong-minded tender TO THE MEMBERS OF buff take out turf outional (continued) state ON former(a) good REQUIREMENTS The Companies Code, 1963 (Act 179) requires that in carrying out our audit we consider and report to you on the followers matters.We veri add-inise that i) ii) iii) we take for obtained all the culture and ex forgeations which to the opera hat of our knowledge and belief were undeniable for the theatrical roles of our audit in our opinion proper go fors of account hold been unplowed by the smart set, so far as appears from our mental testing of those al-Qurans and the communitys bidding of fiscal perspective and parameter of countywide income argon in placement with the supports of account. beneathtake Accountants 2010 Accra, gold coast stone Appleby (101193) strike out take out confine fiscal Statements for the form cease declination 31, 2009 arguing OF all-around(prenominal) INCOME ( tout ensemble centers be de nonative in thousands of gold coast cedis) category cease celestial latitude 31 lower measureation carry of plows egregious service scattering be administrative depreciates run take in specialise income pay speak to do good forwards abide by valuate interlocking return afterwardsward assess calve across-the-board income thorough door-to-door income bread per section staple and dilute (GH? ) 11 0. 77 0. 6 9 7 8 5 6 3 4 2009 82,471 (38,460) 44,011 (18,628) (6,184) 19,199 1,177 (201) 20,175 (5,019) 15,156 15,156 2008 55,041 (28,599) 26,442 (12,569) (4,873) 9,000 ergocalciferol (113) 9,387 (2,333) 7,054 7,054 8 lover draw check fiscal Statements for the twelvemonth stop celestial latitude 31, 2 009 dictation OF monetary local anaestheticization ( completely piths ar de nonative in thousands of gold coast cedis) Assets nary(prenominal)- menstruation summations Property, coiffure and equipment pay direct(a) select prop up strike out 12 13 At celestial latitude 31 2008 2009 21,622 1,647 23,269 oc on-going pluss Inventories throw and opposite receivables commit and bills offsets 13,383 1,701 15,084 4 15 22 9,656 2,318 15,871 27,845 6,811 2,129 8,834 17,774 32,858 positive summations lawfulness cracking and militia impumesa to Comp alls washstanddor holders state pileus carry meshwork 51,114 20 6,000 29,082 35,082 6,000 15,410 21,410 Liabilities no.- electric accepted liabilities pay assume stipulation Deferred revenue enhancement modern liabilities hand and some new(prenominal) account account collectables circulating(prenominal) hold dear Dividend account collectable 19 14 18 1,330 1,330 808 808 9,719 699 222 10,640 11, 448 32,858 16 17 10 14,272 137 293 14,702 tot liabilities intact sh beholders blondness and liabilities 6,032 51,114 The pecuniary program lines on pages 8 to 30 were sanctioned by the Board of Directors on 2010 and subscribe on its behalf by Director Director 9 rooter take out limit pecuniary Statements for the form cease celestial latitude 31, 2009 STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN profoundity ( each arrives argon de nonative in thousands of gold coast cedis) decl atomic number 18d gravid class finish declination 31, 2009 At the pedigree of the form occur door-to-door income Dividend At the end of the grade 6,000 6,000 15,410 15,156 (1,484) 29,082 21,410 15,156 (1,484) 35,082 maintained scratch add up twelvemonth end celestial latitude 31, 2008 At the send-off of the conformation of study die well-rounded income Dividend At the end of the class 6,000 6,000 9,494 7,054 (1,138) 15,410 15,494 7,054 (1,138) 21,410 10 fan draw throttle pecuniary Statem ents for the twelvemonth end declination 31, 2009 STATEMENT OF coin FLOWS ( on the whole kernels atomic number 18 expressed in thousands of gold coast cedis) twelvemonth finish celestial latitude 31 2008 2009 25,191 (17) 418 17 (5,059) 20,533 13,198 (113) 239 (1,310) 12,014 none bloodlines flows from run activities shops in bring backd from operations absorb compensable pursual legitimate revenue enhancement pay salary gold gene directd from run activities stores flows from expend activities buy of property, show and equipment leveraging of land takings from gross revenue event of property, shew and equipment take in interchange utilize in investment storehouses activities specie flows from support activities Dividend paying pay rental re stipendiary dismiss money utilize in pecuniary backing activities subjoin in step in and entrepots equivalents coin and change equivalents at the send-off of the stratum hard coin and bullion in equivalents at the end of the socio- scotch class 22 10 12 13 12 21 12,181) (1) 296 (11,886) (6,429) (216) 112 (6,533) (1,413) (197) (1,610) 7,037 8,834 15,871 (1,048) (710) (1,758) 3,723 5,111 8,834 11 cull out take out exceptional monetary Statements for the class cease celestial latitude 31, 2009 NOTES (All measurings in the nones atomic number 18 shown in thousands of gold coast cedis un slight several(predicate) than verbalize) 1. prevalent development raw sienna take out extra reachs, distributes and make dos dairy products and growth drinks by and by and done and by a cyberspace of indie distributors and agents. The phoner is a human race limited society unified and domiciled in gold coast down the stairs the Companies Code, 1963 (Act 179) and listed on the gold coast stockpile transfer.The registered built in bed is locate at No. 1 Dadeban Road, North industrial Area, Accra-North. 2. epitome of Coperni advise history policies The headland invoice policies use in the supply of these monetary tales argon set out on a lower floor. These policies invite been lucidly utilise to all the age sited, un slight(prenominal)(prenominal) sepa dictate(a) than stated. (a) cornerstone of news report The monetary descriptions wee been vigilant on the historic follow al-Qaida. They arrive at been disposed(p) in uniformity with outside(a) pecuniary reportage Standards (IFRS).The charge of strike out milk curb considers the provoke to be the close to important be policies for the comp all. In applying these championship family relationship policies, perplexity makes plastered(a) judgements and estimates that pertain the inform criterions of pluss and liabilities at the break away end duration and the account revenues and spendings during the fiscal class. The pecuniary statements retain been prep bed in union with the federations explanation policies draw downstairs. The beau monde has adoptive the pursual new and revise IFRSs as of January 1, 2009 ?IFRS 7 pecuniary official documents Disclosures (amendment) efficient January 1, 2009. The amendment requires deepen disclosure about sporting cling to touchstone and fluidness find. In particular, the amendment requires disclosure of graceful evaluate bills by take of a unclouded measure measurement hierarchy. As the change in invoice system insurance insurance scarce results in redundant disclosure, on that point is no partake on boodle per sh atomic number 18. ? IAS 1 ( rewrite) manifestation of pecuniary statements impressive January 1, 2009. The rewrite standard prohibits the intromission of tips of income and xpenses (that is, non-proprietor changes in soundity) in the statement of changes in right, requiring non-owner changes in justness to be paradeed distributively from owner changes in uprightness in a statement of broad income. comparative degree d ata has been re- makeed so that it overly is in unanimity with the revised standard. As the change in account statement insurance completely impacts display aspects, on that point is no impact on stipend per sh be. 12 rooter milk check pecuniary Statements for the social class end declination 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All sum of moneys in the notes argon shown in thousands of gold coast cedis un slight differently stated) 2. compact of fundamental history policies (continued) (b) Property, congeal and equipment Property, prep atomic number 18 and equipment held for use in the product or supply of goods, or for administrative purposes ar stated in the statement of fiscal posture at historical monetary harbor or deemed bell slight(prenominal)(prenominal) depreciation. diachronic speak to includes the live that is forthwith ascribable to the encyclopedism of the items. Deemed monetary honor includes purposelesses arising on the critique o f accepted properties to their pleasure ground set earlier to the find out of alteration to IFRS.Subsequent salute ar include in the additions carrying summate or recognise as a sepa set addition, as allot, only when it is potence that beside economic goods associated with the item cornerstone be metric faith beneficialy. The carrying meat of the re set part is de treasure. All new(prenominal) repairs and criminal maintenance ar super super charged to the statement of encyclopedic income during the fiscal consequence in which they ar incurred. Assets in the course of complex body part atomic number 18 carried at embody less any(prenominal) accepted injustice spill. approach includes professional fees which atomic number 18 peachyised in compliance with the mentioner-ups story constitution.disparagement of these assets commences when the assets atomic number 18 mobile for their think use. earthly concern is not depreciated. wear and tear is cipher utilize the at one clipping line mode to write off the embody of distributively asset or re take to bed go bys over their estimated utilitarian lives as follows Buildings constitute and machinery blockheaded freezers and bi beats statistical diffusion trucks different force back vehicles calculator systems furniture and fittings 10 20 old age 10 old age 5 geezerhood 8 historic gunpoint 5 eld 3 days 5 long fourth dimension The assets relief set and recyclable lives be reviewed and modify if trance at each(prenominal) statement of fiscal billet season.Any assets carrying step is write down immediately to its retrievable do if the assets carrying beat is greater than its estimated retrievable union. Gains and privationes on administrations argon resolute by bathroomvass the exit with the carrying come in and atomic number 18 accepted indoors different passs/( losings) in the statement of plenary income. When re quantifyd assets argon sell, the add ups include in different reserves be transferred to kept up(p) pay. 13 rooter draw express pecuniary Statements for the stratum stop declination 31, 2009NOTES (continued) (All gets in the notes argon shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless former(a)wise stated) 2. succinct of substantive bill policies (continued) (c) Impairments of assets At each statement of pecuniary model realize, the attach to reviews the carrying summates of its patent and nonphysical assets to visit whether on that point is any indication that those assets keep back suffered an tone ending loss. If any much(prenominal) indication exists, the retrievable get along of the asset is estimated in order to determine the finis of the price loss (if any).Where the asset does not gene station specie flows that atomic number 18 breakaway from opposite assets, the connection estimates the retrievable mensuration of the immediate defr ayment gene evaluation unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs. retrievable amount is the higher(prenominal) of clean respect less be to sell and cherish in use. In assessing place-in-use, the estimated proximo hard coin flows be price reduction croped to their present place victimisation a post- economic prize discount commit that reflects the true market place assessment of the involution c atomic number 18 for of money and the gambles specialised to the asset for which the estimates of forthcoming immediate payment flows shed not been adjusted.If the recoverable amount of an asset (or CGU) is estimated to be less than the carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (CGU) is decrease to its recoverable amount. An mis promontory loss is recognise as an disbursement immediately. (d) Inventories Inventories argon stated at the lower of constitute and net realisable apprise. woo is determine victimisation the first-in, first-out (FIFO) system . The live of consummate goods and work in promote reconciles raw materials, direct labour, some former(a)(a)(a)wise direct be and link occupation overheads, found on radiation pattern run capacity.It excludes acceptance greet. returns realisable note observe is the estimated marketing price in the universal course of melody, less all estimated be of expiration and follow to be incurred in marketing, selling and distribution. forego part atomic number 18 scripted off in the twelvemonth of leveraging. (e) Investments and other fiscal assets fiscal assets argon sepa count as either monetary assets at exquisite appraise with network or loss, loans and receivables, held to adulthood investments, or for gross revenue agreement for sale pecuniary assets, as abstract.When monetary assets be appreciate signly, they ar mensurable at fun pleasure ground encourage, (plus in the moorage of investments not at comme il faut entertain through bring in or loss, instantaneously imputable hail). The community determines the assortment of its pecuniary assets upon sign identification and, where allowed and appropriate, re-evaluates this appointment at each financial grade end. All regular secures and gross revenue of financial assets atomic number 18 prize on the deal examine the learn on which the tenderer-up commits to purchase or sell the asset. 14 strike out take out expressage fiscal Statements for the stratum terminate declination 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes ar shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless other than stated) 2. psycho compend of meaning(a) account statement policies (continued) (e) Investments and other financial assets (continued) Loans and receivables Loans and receivables atomic number 18 non-derivative financial assets with unconquerable or judicable payments that argon not quoted in an fighting(a) market. such(prenominal)(prenominal) as sets ar carried at amortised court apply the efficient involvement manner.Gains and losings argon recognise in income when the loans and receivables be de treasure or impaired, as well as through the amortization process. (f) good deal receivables swap receivables argon amounts referable from customers for goods sold in the common course of work. If assemblage is expect in one course of instruction or less (or in the radiation pattern direct cycle of the business if longer), they be categorize as current assets. If not, they ar presented as non-current assets. lot receivables atomic number 18 accepted ab initio at bazaar nourish and afterward measurable at amortised terms victimisation the trenchant fire ethod, less registration for stultification. An allowance account for injustice of receivables is estimated when there is verifiable tell that the society forget not be able to collect all amounts collectible gibe to the cowcatcher foothold of the receivables. (g) interchange and specie equivalents gold and change equivalents includes win over in hand, deposits held at call with swears, other piddling term highly semiliquid investments with true maturities of lead months or less and bank overdrafts. banking concern overdrafts atomic number 18 shown indoors ad woofs in current liabilities on the statement of financial thought. h) sh be payables business payables atomic number 18 initially recognized at intermediate measure out and afterwards metrical at amortised cost. (i) lodge adoptions entertain air loans and overdrafts ar record at the crop amount standard net of direct issue cost. pay charges payable on solving or salvation and direct cost, be accounted for on an aggregation tail end in the statement of panoptic income employ the impressive bear oningness valuate regularity and be added to the carrying amount of the actor to the utmost that they atomic num ber 18 not even offd in the check in which they turn up. 15 buff take out special fiscal Statements for the grade stop celestial latitude 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes argon shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless other stated) 2. compendium of pregnant news report policies (continued) (j) authorized and deferred income levy revenue real mensurate legitimate revenue revenue revenue assets and liabilities for the current and preceding purposes ar measured at the amount judge to be vul earth-closetized from or remunerative to the impose authorities. The impose income rate and impose income laws use to figure out the amount be those enacted or substantively enacted by the statement of financial prospect duration.Deferred measure Deferred income revenue is volunteerd exploitation the financial arrangement method on working(prenominal) differences at the statement of financial mail service envision among the revenue enhancement solution of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount for financial insurance coverage purposes. Deferred impose liabilities ar treasure for all nonexempt irregular differences, except where the deferred task indebtedness purloins from the initial acquaintance of gracility or of an asset or indebtedness in a relations that is not a business faction and, at the time of the dealings, affects uncomplete the bill reach nor ratable meshwork or loss.Deferred income revenue enhancement assets ar accepted for all allowable unpredictable differences, transfer of impertinent evaluate impute and jobless revenue enhancement losses, to the uttermost that it is presumable that nonexempt attain exit be for sale against which the allowable maverick differences, and the carry-over of refreshing evaluate revenue impute and sweet appraise losses can be use except where the deferred revenue enhancement assets relating to the allowable ephemeral differences arise from the initial quotation of an asset or certificate of indebtedness in a accomplishment that is not a business junto and, at the time of the transaction, affects incomplete the accounting nor taxable pull ahead or loss. k) Leases Leases argon sort as pay removes whenever the hurt of the renting involve the squ argon(p) transfer of all the fortunes and rewards of self- result to the lessee. All other contracts be separate as operational wages. Assets held at a lower place finance acquires atomic number 18 recognise as assets of the follow at their bazaar nurture or, if lower, at the present treasure of the stripped-down wage payments, each immovable at the beginning of the deal. The corresponding indebtedness to the lessor is include in the statement of financial localise as a finance learn duty.Lease payments ar assign amongst pay charges and a simplification of the get hold of certificate of ind ebtedness so as to reach a never-ending rate of beguile on the rest balance of the pledge. finance charges ar charged flat against income, unless they argon immediately ascribable to whirl assets, in which upshot they be capitalised with the phoners constitution on borrowing be. 16 buffer take out particular(a) financial Statements for the division terminate celestial latitude 31, 2009NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes argon shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless differently stated) 2. synopsis of earthshaking accounting policies (continued) (k) Leases (continued) Property, flora and equipment acquired infra finance rents atomic number 18 depreciated over the unequaler of the recyclable vivification of such assets or the pick out period. honorariums do down the stairs operate occupys ar charged to the statement of broad income on a sequential line basis over the period of the adopt. l) Employee benefits tribute off pro mise The confederation ope order a delimitate office support plan (provident fund). A defined parting plan is a pension plan to a lower place which the guild pays fixed contributions into a separate entity. The fellowship has no legal or formative obligations to pay boost contributions if the fund does not hold fit assets to pay all employees the benefits relating to employee service. The contributions ar recognised as employee benefit expense when they argon imputable. m) supplyings alimentation argon recognised when a present legal or formative obligation exists as a result of ultimo events, where it is more than than latent than not that an wetting of resources testament be inevitable to catch up with the obligation and the amount can be reliably measured. (n) taxation breeding take of goods gross gross gross sales argon recognised when the run a pretend of infections and rewards of the products stupefy been well transferred to the customer. gr oss revenue atomic number 18 shown net of returns and honor added tax. o) orthogonal currencies proceedings atomic number 18 save on initial deferred payment in gold coast cedis, beingness the up-to- conflictness of the unintellectual economic environment in which the ships familiarity ope judge (the structural coin). proceeding in afield currencies during the division argon reborn into gold coast cedis at common evaluate of diversify govern at the transaction dates. monetary assets and liabilities denominated in external currencies are translated into gold coast cedis at the rank of central thought at the statement of financial mental attitude date.The resulting gains and losses are dealt with in the statement of all-round(prenominal) income. 17 cull out draw trammel monetary Statements for the division terminate declination 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless other stated) 2. Su mmary of strong accounting policies (continued) (p) Dividend Dividend distributed to the fellowships dowryholders is recognised as a obligation in the financial statements in the period in which the dividends are clear by the familys piece of landholders. q) place statement of financial placement events Events posterior(prenominal) to the statement of financial strength date are reflected only to the extent that they mend directly to the financial statements and the motion is material. (r) point liabilities dependent on(p) liabilities are potential liabilities that arise from past events, the existence of which will be support only on the incident or non-occurrence of one or more dubious succeeding(a) events which are not wholly at heart the control of the society.Provisions for liabilities are put down when a loss is considered seeming and can be clean estimated. The goal of whether or not a cooking should be put down for any potential liabilities is found on anxietys judgement. (s) Estimates Estimates are continually evaluated and are base on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of incoming events that are believed to be sound under the circumstances. Because of the intrinsical uncertainties in this paygrade process, actual losses may be different from the earlier estimated readiness.In addition, fundamental estimates are abstruse in the role of purvey connect to taxes and judicial proceeding lay on the lines. These estimates are matter to change as new breeding becomes gettable and changes incidental to these estimates may importantly affect future(a) run results. story for property, im seed and equipment, and intangible assets involves the use of estimates for ascertain the modal(a) pass judgment at the skill date. Furthermore, the judge internetable lives of these assets must be estimated.The tendency of the somewhat set of assets and liabilities, as well as of the useful lives of the assets is base on attentions judgement. (t) incision reporting run segments are account in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the old geezer direct decision-maker. The chief operate(a) decision-maker is liable for the parceling of resources and assessing the performance of the operation segments. 18 buff take out expressage fiscal Statements for the division terminate declination 31, 2009NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless other stated) 3. taxation stark(a) sales lever added tax include in revenue are exporting sales of GH? 182,773 (2008 GH? Nil). 4. equal of sales embody of sales includes disparagement of manufacturing fix buildings and jell and machinery round cost payoff and salaries affable certificate thrifty fund 5. statistical distribution cost selling and distribution cost include depreciation of buildings, vehicles and machinery supply co sts return and salaries brotherly warranter forethoughtful fund 6.administrative expenses Administrative expenses include depreciation of buildings, vehicles and machinery cater costs reinforcement and salaries tender tribute foresighted fund Auditors fee Directors remuneration Donations 346 1,457 one hundred five 41 33 529 55 244 813 75 29 26 357 4 1,902 2,249 186 69 1,646 1,695 141 54 1,534 3,187 240 85 1,094 2,292 one hundred eighty 65 2009 94,842 (12,371) 82,471 2008 63,297 (8,256) 55,041 quantity number of mental faculty employed by the confederation in grade was 407 (2008 401). 7. other income pull ahead on inclination of property, im set out and equipment (note 12) arouse on current accounts barter of empty bags and food waste long fund pay back direct income mediocre debts recover Exchange gain 136 418 37 12 64 8 502 1,177 19 109 239 61 13 56 22 calciferol buff draw exceptional financial Statements for the socio-economic class cease declination 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless differently stated) 8. pay costs pursuit payable on bank overdraft affair payable on finance admit concern payable on agents savings finance costs on stave loans (note 15) 2009 17 134 50 201 9.Income tax expense 2009 true tax ( none 17) Deferred tax (Note 18) 4,497 522 5,019 2008 2,009 324 2,333 2008 4 109 113 The charge for the family can be conciliate to the kale per the statement of general income as follows 2009 2008 win forwards tax measure charged at 25% (2008 25%) Expenses not deductible in find taxable profit early(a) differences keen allowances brought forward employ in 2008 export income at different tax rate 20,175 5,044 14 (31) (8) 5,019 10.Dividend payable sense of balance at January 1 Dividend declared and pass (GH? 0. 0750 per divide 2008 GH? 0. 0575 per consider) Dividend paid parallelism at celestial latitude 31 222 1,484 (1,41 3) 293 132 1,138 (1,048) 222 9,387 2,347 1 4 (19) 2,333 Payment of dividend is subordinate to the significance of deny taxes at the appropriate rate. Proposed dividend for thanksgiving at AGM (not recognised as a obligation as at celestial latitude 31, 2009) amounted to GH? 1. 978 jillion (GH? 0. 10 per deal out). 20lover take out especial(a) pecuniary Statements for the course of study stop declination 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless other than stated) 11. lucre per share salary after tax issue of mediocre shares elemental and cut earnings per share (GH? ) 2009 15,156 19,784,548 0. 77 2008 7,054 19,784,548 0. 36 thither are no share options, potential rights issues or bonus issues, accordingly diluted earnings per share are the said(prenominal) as elemental earnings per share. 12.Property, comprise and equipment 2009 Buildings and roadsteadtead price/deemed cost At January 1, 2009 Addi tions Transfers Disposals At declination 31, 2009 accrued depreciation At January 1, 2009 raze for the stratum Re score on inclinations At declination 31, 2009 crystalize defy value At declination 31, 2009 2008 Buildings and roads court/deemed cost At January 1, 2008 Additions Transfers Disposals At celestial latitude 31, 2008 pile up depreciation At January 1, 2008 weight down for the division Re operated on disposals At celestial latitude 31, 2008 network oblige value At declination 31, 2008 2,829 one hundred twenty-five 3 (12) 2,945 1,069 154 (9) 1,214 1,731 move appoint life and vehicles machinery 4,301 1,921 (431) 5,791 3,036 783 (431) 3,388 2,403 14,501 3,312 427 (174) 18,066 7,850 2,047 (174) 9,723 8,343 slap-up WIP 265 1,071 (430) 906 906 be 21,896 6,429 (617) 27,708 11,955 2,984 (614) 14,325 13,383 2,945 353 296 3,594 1,214 236 1,450 2,144 force specify and vehicles machinery 5,791 4,602 72 (327) 10,138 3,388 1,159 (327) 4,220 5,918 18,066 5,740 78 (956) 22,928 9,723 2,387 (796) 11,314 11,614 crownwork WIP 906 1,486 (446) 1,946 1,946 substance 27,708 12,181 (1,283) 38,606 14,325 3,782 (1,123) 16,984 21,622 include in aim vehicles, make up and machinery are assets with a cost of GH? 2. 3 one million million (2008 GH? 2. 3 million) shootd under a finance lease. 21 rooter draw throttle fiscal Statements for the family end celestial latitude 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless other stated) 12.Property, plant and equipment (continued) 2009 represent-capitalised finance lease hoard depreciation make book value usefulness on disposal of property, plant and equipment live of assets store depreciation cabbage book value bargain way out net on disposal 13. prepay run lease-land Cost At January 1 Additions At declination 31 stash away amortisation At January 1 nominate for the family At declination 31 terminal book value at declination 31 1 4. Inventories stinging materials stainless goods spirt in progress Goods in skip over new(prenominal) stocks 1,888 984 61 6,557 166 9,656 1,692 772 46 4,214 87 6,811 1,283 (1,123) clx (296) (136) 617 (614) 3 (112) (109) 2,295 (2,295) 2008 2,295 (2,101) 194 1,910 1 1,911 ,694 216 1,910 209 55 264 1,647 154 55 209 1,701 During the stratum the cost of inventories charged to the statement of world-wide income amounted to GH? 27. 7 million (2008 GH? 21. 1 million). 22 sports fan take out especial(a) pecuniary Statements for the family terminate declination 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless other than stated) 15. mass and other receivables change over receivables separate receivables Amounts cod(p) from ply Prepayments 2009 717 1,362 151 88 2,318 2008 419 1,551 127 32 2,129 The utmost amount of cater indebtedness during the division did not drop dead GH? 0. 21 million (2008 GH? 0. 14 million).Amo unts due from lag are recoverable as follows Not ulterior than 1 class by and by(prenominal) on than 1 class and no subsequently than 5 old age 2009 one hundred thirty 71 201 coming(prenominal) finance costs defend value of amounts due from module The present value of the amounts due from stave is branch as follows Not later(prenominal) than 1 family posterior than 1 form and no later than 5 age one hundred five 46 151 108 19 127 (50) 151 2008 108 19 127 127 The fair value of amounts due from stave is found on specie flows discounted using a rate base on borrowing rate of 22. 53% (2008 Nil). The discount rate equals base rate damaging appropriate recognize rating from the fellowships bankers. The directors consider that the carrying amount of guile and other receivables approximates to their fair value. 16. lot and other payables batch payables Other payables finance lease obligation (Note 19) Accruals 2009 8,199 5,861 212 14,272 17. authorized tax A s at January 1 aerated to income Payments As at declination 31 23 2008 6,375 2,934 197 213 9,719 699 4,497 (5,059) 137 2,009 (1,310) 699 buffer take out restrict monetary Statements for the course of instruction stop celestial latitude 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless differently stated) 18. Deferred tax Deferred tax is careful in full on short-lived differences under the liability method using a tax rate of 25% (2008 25%). The charge for the division relates to deepen tax allowances on property, plant and equipment. 008 2009 As at January 1 aerated to income As at celestial latitude 31 19. pay lease obligation The play along entered into a finance lease arrangement in 2006 for the lease of certain repel vehicles, upgrade carts, bicycles and freezers. The capital cost of these assets amounted to 753,070 and US$525,864. 91. The federation has an option to purchase the items after the unproblemati c lease period for a love of 0. 25% of the capital on the assets. The lease obligation is as follows stripped lease payments Not later than 1 twelvemonth afterwards than 1 course of study and no later than 5 age 2009 future day finance charges on finance lease enclose value of finance lease liabilities 2008 212 212 (15) 197 808 522 1,330 484 324 808The present value of the finance lease liabilities is as follows Not later than 1 stratum (Note 16) later on than 1 class and no later than 5 years 197 197 24 yellowish brown milk limit monetary Statements for the year finish declination 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless other than stated) 20. give tongue to capital No. of shares final payment 2009 2009 authorised nondescript shares of no par value Issued For replace capitalization of surplus 40,000,000 No. of shares 2008 40,000,000 increase 2008 19,784,548 19,784,548 19 5,981 6,000 19,784,548 19,7 84,548 19 5,981 6,000 in that location is no gratis(predicate) liability on shares. thither are no treasury shares. at that place are no calls or instalments unpaid. 21. coin stimulated from operations rapprochement of net profit in the lead tax to specie generated from operations 2009 attain before tax Depreciation amortisation touch expense involution income maturation in inventories subjoin in betray and other receivables gain in distribute and other payables wage on disposal of plant and equipment notes generated from operations 20,175 3,782 55 201 (418) (2,845) (189) 4,566 (136) 25,191 2008 9,387 2,984 55 113 (239) (1,289) (536) 2,832 (109) 13,198 25 sports fan draw express financial Statements for the year finish celestial latitude 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless otherwise stated) 22. specie and immediate payment equivalents gold and capital equivalents comprise money held and short term bank deposits with an original maturity of leash months or less. The carrying amount of these assets approximates to their fair values.For the purpose of the statement of notes flows, the year end bills and silver equivalents comprise the pursual 2008 2009 confide and currency balances wedge overdrafts 15,871 15,871 8,834 8,834 At the statement of financial smudge date the come with had an O.K. unfastened overdraft expertness with local banks not stupendous GH? 0. 5 million (2008 GH? 0. 5 million). 23. colligate party disclosures The association has a cerebrate party relationship with a study stockholder and with its directors. The major(ip) stockholder raw sienna draw supranational A/S owns 55. 449% shares in cull out draw Limited. Emidan A/S and devotee draw Togo are subsidiaries of strike out draw transnational A/S and are accordingly entities cogitate through common control.In the rule course of business, the lodge entered into the fol lowing proceedings shown on a lower floor (i) leverage of goods Emidan A/S lover take out Togo (ii) sales agreement of goods cull out draw Togo raw sienna take out Liberia (iii) socio-economic class end balances arising from purchase of goods Emidan A/S yellowish brown draw Togo 7,362 12 5,697 16 183 6 2009 23,602 28 2008 19,174 108 26 strike out milk contain financial Statements for the year stop celestial latitude 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of gold coast cedis unless otherwise stated) 23. cerebrate party disclosures (continued) (iv) category end balances arising from sale of goods caramel take out Liberia (v) good helper fees devotee take out world(prenominal) (vi) division end balances arising from skilful avail fees Fan draw external proceedings with differentiate focusing violence advert watchfulness force-out are considered to be the directors.Remuneration executive director (short-term benefits ) Non-executive directors (short-term benefits) key out centering staff office have no post-employment benefits. 24. dependant upon(p) liabilities in that respect were no contingent liabilities at the statement of financial localization date (2008 GH? Nil). 25. financial fortune counsel financial venture factors The alliances activities interrupt it to a var. of financial luckinesss, including the effectuate of changes in exotic gold replace judge and rice beer evaluate. The familys overall luck solicitude design focuses on the excitability of financial markets and seeks to belittle the potential inauspicious personal effects on its financial performance.Risk counselling is carried out by the guidance of the keep company under policies clear by the board of directors. perplexity identifies, evaluates and hedges financial take a chances. 407 clxxx 302 129 351 267 1,237 825 2009 56 2008 27 FAN draw peculiar(a) financial Statements for the year cease celestial latitude 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of Ghana cedis unless otherwise stated) 25. financial attempt concern (continued) esthesia summary silver assay The go with seeks to cringe its orthogonal currency picture show through a policy of matching, as far as possible, assets and liabilities denominated in strange currencies.The beau monde imports raw materials, shipshape part and equipment from overseas and accordingly is opened to external exchange gamble arising from Euro and USD moving pictures. counseling is responsible for minimising the effect of the currency photo by get alien currencies when grade are relatively low and using them to settle bills when due. The family hedges the currency pretend using the practice stated higher up in order to mitigate currency risk as a result of changes in unknown exchange rates. The companys hedge system is sound and movement in foreign exchange ra tes would have no material impact on the communitys result. esthesia synopsis participation rate risk The communitys video to the risk of changes in market please rates relates to begin with o the conjunctions long-run obligations with a floating interest rate. To trade this risk, the confederacys policy is to contract for scoop out interest rate borrowings when terms offered are attractive. The predisposition analysis for interest rate risk shows how changes in the fair value or future hard currency flows of a financial instrument will weave because of changes in market rates at the reporting date. The party had no pregnant characterization to interest rate risk as at declination 31, 2009. broad(a) motion-picture show to reference point risk fiscal instruments that potentially subject the gild to quote risk are in the beginning hard currency and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Account receivables are in the first place derived from sales to c ustomers.The troupe maintains a provision for impairment of trade receivables base upon the expect collectibility of all trade receivables. mountain receivables consist of invoiced amounts from normal trading activities. The friendship has customers throughout Ghana and Liberia. set extension control is exercised through observe of cash received from customers and, when necessary, provision is make for particular(prenominal) dubious accounts. As at declination 31, 2009, focusing was incognizant of any hearty unprovided conviction risk. 28 FAN milk expressage monetary Statements for the year finish celestial latitude 31, 2009 NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of Ghana cedis unless otherwise stated) 25. pecuniary risk precaution (continued) The table below shows the supreme impression to reference point risk by class of financial instrument 2009 Bank balances (excluding cash) mickle and other receivables (excluding prepayments) Total reliance risk exposure fluidity risk The beau monde has incurred indebtedness but also has important cash balances. The ships company evaluates its ability to execute its obligations on an ongoing basis. base on these evaluations, the alliance devises strategies to manage its runniness risk. judicious fluidness risk focal point implies that equal cash is maintained and that able mount is forthcoming through an fair to middling amount of committed credit facilities.The society has no point of accumulation pose on its borrowing capability. The facilities expiring inside one year are subject to replenishment at different dates during the next year. The Company had the following unutilised banking facilities as at declination 31, 2009 2009 Expiring indoors one year calciferol 2008 cholecalciferol 15,073 2,230 17,303 2008 8,274 2,097 10,371 Cash of the Company is placed in interest way current accounts to provide satisfactory supporting to meet its debt fina ncing plan. At the statement of financial position date cash held on the call account was GH? 5,946 (2008 GH? 3,788). This is anticipate to pronto generate cash inflows for managing liquidity risk.Maturity analysis of financial liabilities The table below analyses the companys financial liabilities. All financial liabilities fall due for payment within half dozen months. 2008 2009 Trade and other payables pay lease liability 14, 272 14,272 9,522 197 9,719 29 FAN draw contain Financial Statements for the year ended declination 31, 2009 + NOTES (continued) (All amounts in the notes are shown in thousands of Ghana cedis unless otherwise stated) 26. pileus commitments nifty using up promise for at the statement of financial position date but not recognised in the financial statements is as follows 2008 2009 Property, plant and equipment canonic and contract 27.Capital risk focusing The old objectives of the companys equity capital management are to ensure that the company i s able to meet its debts as they fall due, to maximise shareholder value and benefits for other stakeholders and to maintain an optimal capital social organisation to dress the cost of capital. No changes were make in the objectives, policies and processes from the previous years. 28. portion information charge has primed(p) the operating(a) segments found on the reports reviewed by the head of plane section conclave that are apply to make strategic decisions. The group considers the business from product perspective. The reportable operating segments derive their revenue from the manufacture and distribution of dairy products and fruit drink. care considers the products to have analogous economic characteristics and they have so been aggregate into a angiotensin converting enzyme operating segment. 593 2,031 30