The Attractiveness of Individuals and the Effect on Perception of Associated Personality Traits - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1757 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? The Attractiveness of Individuals and the Effect on Perception of Associated Personality Traits. Curtin University of Technology Abstract Dion, Berscheid and Walster (1972) hypothesized that â€Å"what is beautiful is good† and that attractive people were assumed to lead happier lives and have better prospects for the future. A survey was carried out among university students and their friends to determine whether attractiveness of facial features of an individual influences one’s perceived associated personality traits. The 425 participants completed the FPS 120 Impression Formation Project survey and data was collected and analysed. It was discovered that a strong positive correlation existed between levels of attractiveness and sociability, friendliness and trustworthiness. This research study has attempted to apply Dion et al’s study of â€Å"what is beautiful is good† to the modern era and to determine if a halo effect for personality stereotyping is still applicable. This research was conducted to ascertain whether the study by Dion, Berscheid and Walster (1972) was still valid in modern day society and whether the stigma of â€Å"what is beautiful is good† still holds true. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Attractiveness of Individuals and the Effect on Perception of Associated Personality Traits" essay for you Create order Dion et al predicted that attractive people â€Å"were assumed to have better prospects for happy social and professional lives†. Dion et al tested their hypotheses by asking men and women to examine three photographs and rate them along a number of dimensions. Half received photographs of women who varied in physical attractiveness and the remainder received pictures of men (Berkowitz, 1974) It was discovered that there was no discrimination between males and females to the participants, who still rated attractive people of both sexes to most likely possess all the personality traits that were socially desirable. It is apparent in their study that the thesis of beauty and its correlation to positive attributes is supported by a social stereotype. â€Å"Not only are physically attractive persons assumed to possess more socially desirable personalities than those of lesser attractiveness, but it is presumed that their lives will be happier and more successful† (Dion et al, 1972). In a comparable scenario, our stereotypical tendencies ollow through into other aspects in the sense that we tend to see good people do good things, bad people do bad things, good companies make good products and so forth, leading to distortions from the truth (Webb, 1999;Emslie, 1979). For example a positive rating in one area, in this case attractiveness leads to an over generalisation resulting in a more positive rating to other attributes such as desirable personality traits. This positive transfer is called the halo effect. The well established information of which the halo effect is based is weighted more heavily than new information that is provided to us and thus the halo effect operates best when the established information or attitude is strong and new information is to an extent ambiguous. â€Å"When the established attitude is not particularly strong or the new information is more strongly positive or negative, the halo effect is not as strong. † (Webb pp 98, 1999) This halo effect correlates to Dion et al’s study on attractiveness, as the physical attributes of a person is generally the first point of origin for a meeting between two individuals. Upon meeting, the halo effect allows the individual to rate the attractiveness of the other individual creating a cognitive bias as one positive trait extends to influence other qualities of that person. Although previous studies conducted focused on the investigation of attractiveness in relation to personality traits where beauty equated to positive qualities, this research paper will be examining individual traits specifically. The aim of this current study is to explore whether (1. )attractive people are rated more sociable than unattractive people (2. )whether attractive people are rated friendlier than unattractive people; and (3. as attractiveness scores get higher the honesty scores should also get higher. Method Participants The sample comprised of 425 participants which consisted of 165 easily accessible male participants (M= 23. 09 years, SD= 7. 41 years) and 260 easily accessible female participants (M= 24. 31 years, SD= 9. 92 years). Participants were chosen out of conve nience students enrolled in the Foundations of Psychological Science 120 unit at Curtin University of Technology. All participants were self-proclaimed regular users of Facebook and are aged between 18 to 48 years old. Participation in this survey was oluntary and no incentives were offered. Materials Consent forms and information sheets were given out to participants. The survey called the FPS 120 Impression Formation Project was uploaded on an online database where participants could complete it through accessing the website at home. The results from the survey were then viewed on the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, also known as SPSS. Procedure Participants were asked read to the information sheets and to sign consent forms prior to the completion of the online survey. They were asked to complete the online survey called the FPS 120 Impression Formation Project. This survey provided images of four people that are regular Facebook users. The participants were then asked to rate each person on a scale of one to six on a number of characteristics that they might attribute based on their appearance. Results were then gathered and viewed on the SPSS whereby our hypotheses were then generated. Results A paired sample t test with an ? of . 05 was used to compare the sociability of attractive (M = 4. 388, SD = . 8226) and unattractive (M = 2. 602, SD = . 8603) people as rated by the participants of the sample group (n= 425) (Table 1. 0 Table 1. 1). On average attractive participants scored 1. 7859 points (95%CI = 1. 9031 – 1. 6687) higher than unattractive participants (Table 1. 2). The difference was statistically significant, t(425) = 29. 995, p. 001 and large d = 1. 766. It was concluded that the normality and normality of difference scores were not violated after outputting and visually inspecting data. A paired sample t test with an ? of . 05 was also used to compare the friendliness of attractive (M=4. 100, SD= . 8598) and unattractive people (M=2. 885, SD=. 8767) as rated by participants of a sample groups (n=425) (Table 2. 0 Table 2. 1). On average attractive participants scores higher friendliness scores than unattractive people. The difference was statistically significant, t(425) = 21. 156, p. 001 and large d=1. 399 (Table 2. 2). It was concluded that the normality and normality of difference scores were not violated after outputting and visually inspecting data. To assess the size and direction of the linear relationship between attractiveness rating and honesty scores, a bivariate Pearson’s product-movement correlation coefficient (r) was calculated. The bivariate correlation between these two variables in the attractive group was positive and strong, r(425) = . 75, p. 001, as was the case with the unattractive group, r(425) = . 051, p. 001. Discussion The results portrayed from this study has a positive correlation to the literature. Like previous studies the results indicate that attractive people commonly scored higher with perceived possession of desirable physical traits, whereas the unattractive peo ple generally tended to score lower on the socially desirable traits. The first hypothesis, is verified by the results concluding that there was a statistically significant difference between the sociability of attractive and unattractive groups. The positive correlation of sociability and attractiveness, authenticate Dion et al’s ‘what is beautiful is good’ theory. The results also endorse the second hypothesis, that attractive people are rated friendlier than unattractive people, with a strong correlation being found and a significant difference in friendliness scores by participants. In the results collected for third hypothesis, there is once again positive correlation between honesty and attractiveness indicating that as attractiveness scores increases, perceived honesty scores also increase. The variability in the scores illustrates how an individual’s visual perception can affects their observation of another individual’s personality traits. The findings from this research confirms the original hypothesis of Dion, Berscheid and Walster (1972) of â€Å"what is beautiful is good† and validates the theory in the 21st century. With the high accessibility of information we were able to create a study that allowed for the variety of other factors to be measured and rated by the participant, such as number of ‘facebook’ friends. From this study it is apparent that even in today’s modern society, individuals are still affected by the halo effect with no restrictions from the mediums used for social interaction. People are still using this cognitive bias in making decisions or assumptions on other individual’s personality traits. Some further areas of study can be the halo effect and attractiveness preconceptions within different age groups. As the demographics of this study was conducted from young adults who frequent ‘Facebook’, an online based community with the mean age being 23. 829 years of age. It has been discovered from this sample group that older adults were less superficial and tended not to stereotype their peers into different stigmas. Although Dion et al obtained participants from a different age demographic, further study can be performed to ascertain whether the same results will be yielded (Table 3. 0, Table 3. 1, Table 3. 2 Table 3. 3). References Berkowitz, L. (1974). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Academic Press 1974. Dion, K. , Berscheid, E. , Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(3), 285-290. Emslie, G. R, Medcof, J. Roth J. (1979). Approaches to Psychology. Routledge, 1979. Webb, Robert C. (1999). Psychology of the consumer and its development: an introduction The Plenum series in adult development and aging, Table 1. 0 Paired Samples Statistics| | Mean| N| Std. Deviation| Std. Error Mean| Pair 1| SOCIABLE_ATTR| 4. 388| 425| . 8226| . 0399| | SOCIABLE_UNATT| 2. 602| 425| . 8603| . 0417| Table 1. 1 Paired Samples Correlations| | N| Correlation| Sig. | Pair 1| SOCIABLE_ATTR SOCIABLE_UNATT| 425| -. 066| . 173| Table 1. 2 Paired Samples Test| Paired Differences| t| df| Sig. (2-tailed)| | Mean| Std. Deviation| Std. Error Mean| 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference| | | | | | | | Lower| Upper| | | | Pair 1| SOCIABLE_ATTR SOCIABLE_UNATT| 1. 7859| 1. 2291| . 0596| 1. 6687| 1. 9031| 29. 955| 424| . 000| Table 2. 0 Paired Samples Statistics| | Mean| N| Std. Deviation| Std. Error Mean| Pair 1| FRIENDLY_ATTR| 4. 100| 425| . 8598| . 0417| | FRIENDLY_UNATT| 2. 885| 425| . 8767| . 0425| Table 2. 1 Paired Samples Correlations| | N| Correlation| Sig. | Pair 1| FRIENDLY_ATTR FRIENDLY_UNATT| 425| . 070| . 47| Table 2. 2 Paired Samples Test| | Paired Differences| t| df| Sig. (2-tailed)| | Mean| Std. Deviation| Std. Error Mean| 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference| | | | | | | | Lower| Upper| | | | Pair 1| FRIENDLY_ATTR FRIENDLY_UNATT| 1. 2149| 1. 1839| . 0574| 1. 1021| 1. 3278| 21. 156| 424| . 000| Table 3. 0 Case Processing Summary| | Cases| | Valid| Missing| Total| | N| Percent| N| Percent| N| Percent| HONEST_ATTR| 425| 100. 0%| 0| . 0%| 425| 100. 0%| ATTRACTIVENESS_ATTR| 425| 100. 0%| 0| . 0%| 425| 100. 0%| Table 3. 1 Descriptives| | Statistic| Std. Error| HONEST_ATTR| Mean| 3. 729| . 0381| | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean| Lower Bound| 3. 655| | | | Upper Bound| 3. 804| | | 5% Trimmed Mean| 3. 741| | | Median| 3. 500| | | Variance| . 615| | | Std. Deviation| . 7844| | | Minimum| 1. 5| | | Maximum| 6. 0| | | Range| 4. 5| | | Interquartile Range| 1. 5| | | Skewness| -. 172| . 118| | Kurtosis| . 063| . 236| ATTRACTIVENESS_ATTR| Mean| 5. 955| . 0794| | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean| Lower Bound| 5. 799| | | | Upper Bound| 6. 111| | | 5% Trimmed Mean| 6. 005| | | Median| 6. 000| | | Variance| 2. 682| | | Std. Deviation| 1. 376| | | Minimum| 1. 0| | | Maximum| 10. 0| | | Range| 9. 0| | | Interquartile Range| 2. 0| | | Skewness| -. 490| . 118| | Kurtosis| . 044| . 236| Table 3. 2 Case Processing Summary| | Cases| | Valid| Missing| Total| | N| Percent| N| Percent| N| Percent| HONEST_UNATT| 425| 100. 0%| 0| . 0%| 425| 100. 0%| ATTRACTIVENESS_UNATT| 425| 100. 0%| 0| . 0%| 425| 100. 0%| Table 3. 3 Descriptives| | Statistic| Std. Error| HONE ST_UNATT| Mean| 3. 242| . 0413| | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean| Lower Bound| 3. 161| | | | Upper Bound| 3. 323| | | 5% Trimmed Mean| 3. 227| | Median| 3. 000| | | Variance| . 727| | | Std. Deviation| . 8524| | | Minimum| 1. 0| | | Maximum| 6. 0| | | Range| 5. 0| | | Interquartile Range| 1. 5| | | Skewness| . 241| . 118| | Kurtosis| . 131| . 236| ATTRACTIVENESS_UNATT| Mean| 2. 569| . 0617| | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean| Lower Bound| 2. 447| | | | Upper Bound| 2. 690| | | 5% Trimmed Mean| 2. 483| | | Median| 2. 500| | | Variance| 1. 619| | | Std. Deviation| 1. 2726| | | Minimum| 1. 0| | | Maximum| 7. 5| | | Range| 6. 5| | | Interquartile Range| 2. 0| | | Skewness| . 878| . 118| | Kurtosis| . 422| . 236|

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Modernization Free Essays

Japanese and western scholars are desperately arguing on the over-all definition of modernization. Japan is a perfect example of a country which is product of modernization. From a rural setting to an industrialized one, that is how modernization occurs. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Modernization changes the lifestyle of people; fashion, work, and mindset. From a conservative type to a liberal one, that is the evolution made by modernization.   Modernization is accompanied by success especially in one country’s economy Japan, a culturally bound country, tremendously transforms itself to a modernized one. The year 1868 is time when Japan decides to be open to western representations and eventually adopt them due to the perception that they were more advanced and preferable. Through the adoption of western ideologies, they can able to compete with other industrialized nations. The modernization of Japan is better explained through studying its history starting from the Meiji period. Western imperialism took political and economical forms.   Politically, the foreign powers obtained many privileges from Japan but all these gains were supported up by Western military superiority. By that Japan’s national right was violated.   Economically, foreign imports into Japan tremendously increased due to the low tariff fixed by the unequal settlements.   By 1870, foreign imports reached 70% of all Japanese trade. Cheap foreign goods, like English textiles, transferred into Japan and bankrupted native Japanese handicraft industries which make Japan suffered from critical balance of payments. Although loans were extended to Japan by Westerners but in return, they still received more privileges from them. . Due to this threat to the country, self modernization of Japan has its way. Strengthening military is one key to oppose the political threats of imperialism consequently â€Å"rich country and strong army† (fokoku kyohei) was the slogan of Meiji modernization in which the final objective   was to build a strong political rule in Japan eventually to be able to get rid of the unequal treaties forced by the Western powers. The Meiji leaders has a fear that Japan would fully embraced westernization and totally turn away traditional ways. They decided to make the country modernized in order to defend it from foreign attacks.   The self-modernization of Japan in the Meiji period has both advantage and disadvantage.   They decided to make the country modernized in order to defend it from foreign attacks.   The self-modernization of Japan in the Meiji period has both advantage and disadvantage. The idea of modernization of Japan by Meiji leaders somehow more a political reason rather than nationalism, which is the disadvantage. Although it can be a political reason, it can also be a military strategy to protect the country from such invaders, which is the advantage one. Japan undergoes step by step process of modernization; starting from modernizing some certain aspects into an over-all modernization.   First transformation is from the military. As an example military reform called for the production of weapons, which only economic reform could successfully were given. At the same time, development of long-term educational, were carried out in order for the people to accept these political, economic, and political aspects. Although preliminary step for modernization was done, there are still some weaknesses that arise such as indirect and incomplete political control over the country at large because the daimyo with their samurai, still ruled the clans, lacking state revenue for complete modernization in which the Meiji government obtained most of its tax income from former Tokugawa lands only, and absence of any national army for the new government depended on only a few western clans (mainly Choshu and Satsuma) for its military force.  Ã‚   In order to strengthen the state, the Meiji government took actions, both negative and positive in which the negative measure was the abolition of feudalism and the positive one was the introduction of modern land taxation and military mobilization. There are still problems arise in strengthening the Meiji state such as dissatisfaction among the poor samurai and hard-pressed peasants led to the outbreak of many local rebellions which were nearly 200 uprisings from 1868 to 1878 and partly because of the new land taxation which consequently had a very serious inflation from 1868 to the early 1880s.and by that he income of both the samurai and the government was badly affected. In terms of economic modernization, the Meiji government had a good foundation to start with because the late Tokugawa commercial economy was successful in which many rich merchants had saved large amounts of capital, and if devoted in modern industries, would greatly stimulate industrialization and secondly, from 1854 (when Japan was opened by the West) to 1868, the Tokugawa shogunate and some other clans had already developed significant ship-building and arms-manufacturing industries and there were already some Japanese engineers and technicians who knew Western technology. By 1870, Japan was still largely an agricultural country and modernized agriculture is the basis of and requirement for successful industrialization in which agricultural students were sent abroad to learn more advanced agricultural techniques, foreign experts were working to give recommendation on agricultural development, importation of new kinds of plants and seeds , and foundation of experimental agricultural stations and agricultural colleges throughout the country to test new methods of planting and advise farmers on new agricultural techniques. As a result, more agricultural products were being exported which contribute to   Japan’s economy as well as farmers in which .many poor tenant-farmers went from the villages to the towns, thereby providing cheap labor for urban industrialization, but as   more and more farmers became tenants, the countryside was increasingly under the control of conservative landlord-merchants. Industrialization placed the necessary foundation of a modern state. As the Meiji government had a strong and modern economy to rely on, the extent of government power was enlarged thus, its efficiency increased.   The rapid industrialization strengthened the Meiji state’s autocratic rule, as it provided new instruments for power concentration. The government could therefore effectively put down internal oppositions and carry out a stronger foreign policy. In the long run, industrialization destroyed Japan’s traditional agricultural economy. First, the local economically self-sufficient village society was returned by increased agricultural commercialization and specialization. Secondly, with greater exchange of goods, capital and even labor, localism of village society broke down thus the village people felt that they belonged not only to the village but to the nation as a whole. Thirdly, industry replaced agriculture as the nation’s most important economic activity. And also, industrialization reduced economic discriminations of the old Tokugawa society. Steadily, however, new concentrations of wealth and power were built up by the zaibatsu, which restricted much of the entire country’s economy. The standard of living was raised due to the improvement of the economic conditions of the people in which in return the people supported the environment. On the other hand, social mobility was help out by which successful industrialists or businessmen became modern Japan’s social leaders.   In terms of educational background, there is a further improvement pre-1868. Before 1870, many of the late Tokugawa schools already taught Western science and technology. Thus the people were better prepared to accept Western knowledge after 1870. A sound basis for attaining more Western knowledge had been set. As years passed by, there is an increase in the literacy of the Japanese. By 1870, nearly half of the male populations were literate. In late Tokugawa times the Meiji leaders were all educated in the Confucian schools that have a Confucian respect for learning and interest for educational modernization. Through education, the government could widen its popular support by the people. From the 1880s on, however, education was used gradually more by the government to teach nationalistic ideas that makes an attempt for the Meiji government   to strengthen   the national and social unity, thus conservation of   national safety in an age of foreign imperialism. Despite of becoming more undemocratic of education due to politics, it is still a great help for them. Still there are problems that arise for it is not that easy for some conservative ones to accept western teaching and there are times that there is lacking of teachers.   To further improved the educational system, the government made bills   such as Education Act of 1879, making   , Education Act of 1886, Imperial Rescript on Education of 1890 , and Authoritarian education after the 1890s until higher universities were established. Education is the key to make good leaders. Political modernization is intensified to retain power of Meiji leaders. Although there is a splitting of power in 1873 by two issues: the question of the composition of the new modern army to be created and the problem of national defense against Western imperialism. There is suppression against the government which makes hard for them to built solid links to the people. Constitutions were made and promulgate to further develop the political modernization. The Meiji constitution 1889 was attained by the Emperor to the people but in contrast to it, the ideal liberal constitution was made. Although the constitution was undemocratic, Japan had at least approved a Western political structure which helped Meiji government become a modern state. Consequently the state is politically strengthened. The achievements of the constitution were not institutionalized The Emperor was above the constitution. who could be influenced by Military leaders and the Genro outside the restrictions of the constitution. The whole constitutional government could easily be turned into a militarist autocracy. Eventhouh there were still that went wrong the transformation of Japan enables them to prove to the whole world that a small country can be powerful one. How to cite Modernization, Essay examples Modernization Free Essays Modernization in this contemporary world gives birth to emerging access to technologies that lead to the growth of social media platforms. The existence of present-day devices provides the creation of applications, programs and other networks that portrays an important role to every individual in terms of convenience. Social media platforms serve as interactive computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the emergence and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernization or any similar topic only for you Order Now It provides the ability to create a mere connection in the present society and to the functions of social media. However, social media platforms transmit messages and source of effective connectedness, there are factors that contribute to its negative impacts that affect every individual in the society. The social media platforms would formulate conclusions that want to give emphasis to the factors that cultivate the anxiety within a certain individual with the usage of the media that produces a certain condition of depression. While the Social Media platforms offer a lot of benefits, this will prove that there are instances that they have disadvantages that trigger to doubt, fear or uneasiness and literally to depression. There are studies that would link between spending extended time on social media and experiencing negative mental health outcomes. The benefits of the social media platforms will provide contrast to determine whether these media channels take advantage on the development of modern technologies in the virtual world and just simply produce the impact that would lead to the association of depression and anxiety. The traditional forms of communication are in the modes of television, radio, newspapers, magazines and other printed materials. As time goes by, developments sprouted that leads to the discovery of technology that brings life to modern devices. Advancements are very rampant until social media platforms are created. Different kinds of applications and functions are available to the people to give the easiest accessibility in the form of communication. People grab the opportunities that will lessen their difficulties especially to connect to all individuals in the world in just one click. The social media platforms continue to provide all the needed operations of the people on an everyday basis. In this certain situation, the forms of social media grow depends on the demand of the people. People are introduced to modern devices like cell phones, tablets, laptops, and computers. The growth of social media platforms formed a vital role in the lives of the people. Nowadays, people only think in reaching out to social media platforms in terms of challenges and difficulties because the mere fact that revolves around their mind is that everything can be found on the Internet. The Global Digital Report of 2018, provides a data that shows that there are 7.60 billion of people in the world and the number of internet users worldwide in 2018 is 4.02 billion up 7 percent year-on-year, social media users worldwide comes with 3.20 billion up 13 percent year-on-year and users of mobile phone is 5.14 billion up 4 percent year-on-year. This only exhibits almost half of the total population in the world are now swallowed by the means of the usage of social media. The total data continues to grow that would greatly conclude that social media platforms effectively influence and encourage the people to be updated and enjoy every feature that they can provide. The Delvalle organization classifies the social media platforms into; social networking, microblogging, blogging (publishing websites), photo sharing, video sharing, and crowdsourcing. The Social Networking includes; Facebook, Google+ and LinkedIn, Microblogging is composed of; Twitter and Tumblr, Blogging includes; WordPress and Blogger, photo sharing composed of; Instagram, Flickr, Snapchat and Pinterest, Video Sharing includes; YouTube, Vimeo, and Periscope and Crowdsourcing are formed with Ushahidi, Inc. Among these categories, there are applications that made a name on the Internet especially on how they are adopted by the people. According to Digital Guide 11, Facebook is widely considered to be the mother of all social media platforms and its most basic functions consist of providing an outlet for its members to communicate with each other as well as with private companies. The power of social media platforms gives complex perspectives on the range of its usage and the extent of people they have reached out in order to portray interaction in social, economic and even political views. As social media continues to develop, the scope of the people that use its features does not limit however it increases and form a society of innovations and susceptibility. In today’s generations, every individual is much thankful to acquire all the developments from their ancestors that contributes to the idea of transformation and development of new phase and era. People don’t need a lot of effort and hard works to achieve their desires and necessities. Even if you are just sitting down with the presence of modern devices, anything can be access, there a lot of things you can, A lot of the parents told their children that in their times, they have to exert all their strength and perseverance to overcome every challenge in life, unlike in this current situation we are facing, everything can be controlled in your own hands. The situations in the past are the major causes of advancements because there are people who are willing to discover new things and ideas to produce a different kind of impact that would change the world for the better. Sahara Donnely as an entrepreneur in a private company states that â€Å"In every era, cultures go through numerous changes, and in recent years ours have been more impacted than anything else by social media†. The generation today cannot deny the fact that the most influential factor that brings influence and convenience to each and everyone is the discovery of social media platforms. The forms of communication have grown efficiently to unite the people and to make an impact on the progress of the country even in the world with the appearances of the platforms of social media. The website of Webmasterview of Crystal Briscode encloses a statement that â€Å"It is a fact that social media has tremendously changed the way people interact and carry on with their lives†. People are contented with the offerings of social media and they are afraid to offer themselves in the opportunities in the real world. The application of social media platforms serves as an avenue where you can communicate, purchase and even form transactions. The functions of social media help the people to be informed and updated to every activity that made up our environment. The modern technologies and also the products itself through social media platforms brought changes in the habitual practices of an individual and affects also their ability to adapt in terms of the resiliency of life. Social Media platforms have molded the life of every individual to have comfort and happiness. The Internet has its own attributes to enhance the connection within the people. As life continues to provide us with different challenges, we must not be contented with the benefits of social media platforms. It is important to find your own self with your own purpose on this earth. People must not be deprived of the advantages of social media platforms, however, we must acquire the value of learning is able to face every difficulty with confidence. Social media platforms as the major contributors to accessibility and effective communication, they provide risks also in this digital world. The children of this modern generation focus on the benefits of the modern technologies especially on discovery of new gadgets, they are not even expose to their environment. They are lost in their own world and let the social media conquers them. One Report by the Royal Society for Public Health in the UK surveyed 1500 young people, ages 14-24, to determine the effects of social media use on issues such as anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and body image. The findings show that YouTube had the most positive impact, while Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat all had negative effects on mental health. The social media platforms are used by the people to find connection, acceptance, and happiness that they could not find within their environment. Heavy use of these media channels contributes to other harmful actions and addiction that let every individual be swallowed by the chances of innovations. According to Kessler et al., 2010, Mathers and Loncar, 2006, Depression and Anxiety are associated with substantially increased morbidity and mortality and one of the victims are the young adults and youth who are engaged with social media. It may also be that using a wide variety of different social media platforms subsequently leads to depressive and anxiety symptoms. Participation in many different social media platforms may lead to multitasking between platforms, which is known to be related to poor cognitive and mental health outcomes. (Becker et al., 2013). Another assumption that would provide an explanation to the usage of social media platforms states that a study published online in Computers in Human Behavior on December 10, 2016, found that the use of multiple social media platforms is more strongly associated with depression and anxiety among young adults than time spent online. Every social media platform is a different kind of world, people cannot resist the factors that affect them and leads to mood disorders. The engagement on the Internet does not free an individual to compare and be jealous thus it triggers to a more complex disorder of anxiety and depression. In the book of David Amerland entitled â€Å"The Social Media Mind†, he states, â€Å"Social Media is addictive precisely because it gives us something which the real world lacks; it gives us immediacy, direction, and value as an individual†. The social media platforms serve as our pathway in this digital world, it gives us the enjoyment of accessibility, communication, and entrepreneurial transactions. Anything that we need in our everyday living can be made through the Internet. The current events and opportunities nowadays are driven mostly by social media platforms. Even the modern technologies produced already a platform in the industry, the people behind it must focus also on the negative impacts of these channels to control any disorders that people can acquire because of different factors. Social media platforms serve as an awareness to limit oneself with the benefits they provide and most especially with the conflicts they produce in different circumstances. People in this world must learn how to make an impact on society and not focus on how to impress other people. Anything that can be found in social media platforms that can build anger and boastfulness must be prevented instead people must focus on the positivity in life that would implant the value of happiness and contentedness within themselves so that depression can be control and mitigates its unexpected effects. How to cite Modernization, Papers

Professional Communication Skills for Nurses- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Communication Skills for Nurses for Healthcare. Answer: Introduction: There are many models, which has been used in healthcare for years. The nurses sometimes face many unlikable incidents. Refection is necessary to understand the positive and negative aspect of the same incident. There are many reflection models available, such as Atkins and Murphy reflective cycle, Gibbs reflective cycle, Rolfe reflective cycle, Johns reflective cycle and many more (Arnold and Boggs 2015). My personal favorite reflective cycle is Rolfe reflective cycle. I personally feel that Rolfe reflective cycle helps me to ensure that my team and me is continuously improving and learning. To understand the situation well enough, I started keeping log of all the incidents in a journal by doing simple entries according to the date. The journal entries comprise all my personal thoughts about issues, which catches my focus. I, personally revisit each and every entry of the journal later to further analyze the incidents and also for adding information to my researches (Bassot 2016). The original entries of my journal, represents the original description of that incident and my thoughts and feelings about that incident. When I revisit these entries, I further analyze the situation by making sense of the situation and think what could have been done and if I face the same situation in future, what should be my first response after learning from this experience. This can be done using the Rolfe analysis (Giltinane 2013, pp-35-39). 21st September 2017 As I work in the emergency department of a hospital for 8 years as a registered nurse, I have to train the new and inexperienced nurses as well. When I was an inexperienced nurse, at a hospital, I remember to have a great learning experience as me and the others have learnt the importance of teamwork during that time. I try to teach them to share each others experience to gain a vast knowledge base. Now I am training the new nurses and I think that they are more self centered than we ever was. I always try to teach them the importance of teamwork needed in our department during the training. To train them, I give them the needed space to learn things on their own. I also make them know that, I am always there if they need me. I thought by doing that they would know each others strength and weaknesses. Nevertheless, they try to use it for their own personal gain and fights with each other to increase their own grade. I am now one of the senior most nurses in our department as my senio rs and batch mates have moved on to another hospital. I had a very good rapport with them as we work as a team. Now as I work with the new teams all the time, I feel like I am missing my old teammates. When I started training the inexperienced nurse in this department, I knew that my job would be very challenging and inconsistent, as every new team would consist of the team members of different mindset. In every team there are some team members with dominating mindset and in the recent team I am training, also have a few of them. They try to dominate the others in the team, which disrupts the teamwork. As every day progress, I am becoming more frustrated. I feel that I need to improve my leadership quality. The frustration and anxiety in my mind is clouding my thoughts and I have been unable to think rationally. I am currently reading The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen Covey to increase my competency as a leader and the educator (Covey 2012, 119-123). Coveys principle demonstrates that, if a person really wants to improve his or her leadership skills, he or she has to change or improve his or her principles and change the perspective to see the world. To be an effective nurse leader and educator I have to change my way of thinking and principles and live my life according to this principle. I have to employ these following habits from Coveys principle. Proactiveness: I should employ this habit in the way of my life, as I think that I am losing the control of my life. I thought if I represent myself as an example, the junior nurses would change their behavior according to it. Now I can see that my approach towards them is wrong, as they are not able to perceive that, as they are different from me. Put first things first: The second habit I have to apply in my life is to set out my priorities and think the level of my priorities to complete any task (Scott, and Lagendyk, 2012). To teach the nurses effectively I have to first divide the task for myself and would have to train them according to the priority I have set before. This should help me to be an effective leader and educator. Think of winning: I should follow this approach myself and have to push the team to follow the same. This approach is about cooperation and teamwork, which I am unable to teach my team members. I have to make the team members understand the importance of mutual benefit. In the nursing profession, only this approach could bring overall benefit for the whole team(Covey 2012, pp-119-123). Seek first to understand then to be understood: As the leader of the team, I expect my team members would understand me as a leader. However, I have to change my approach as now I think I have to understand their mindset to be understood by them (Covey 2012, pp-119-123). 26th September 2017 I came to the ward today with an approach of teaching the team members the importance of teamwork and collaboration. I divided the junior nurses into 4 groups each comprising 4 people who would work together for two whole weeks. I assigned each team a team leader and told them to report me the daily incidents. Some of the teams will also have to share some cases together. They have to conduct meeting amongst them once or twice daily to conduct the work smoothly. All of the 16 people have agreed with me about the ultimate goal, which is the improvement of the teamwork. All the teams have worked without any problems today. May be it is too soon to talk, but I think my approach would work this time. 27th September 2017: I am writing this journal by adopting the Rolfes model of reflection. I find this reflection model as the simplest model I can use to analyze and evaluate the situation. This model for reflection also helped me to understand my next step. What: Today was a busy day for our ward as today morning there was an incident of a bus accident locally. There were many severely injured patients in the ward today because of the accident and all four of the teams are working accordingly. This whole experience can be a great learning experience for all the junior nurses. I was attending a 75-year-old male patient who came to the emergency with chest pain. The doctor has given a ECG to understand the severity. I called one of the team and told two of them to go with the patient to the ECG room. I also instructed them to take the patient to the day-care bed after the ECG and then come back to their team at emergency. One of the team was handling one of the bus accident cases, a 16-year-old boy. The boy came to the hospital with fractured femur in both legs. The boy was complaining about severe pain in his back. The doctor has asked for a CT scan of his back and I instructed two of them to take the boy for the scan and asked the other two members to stay with me at the emergency. Meanwhile, one of the junior nurses who has taken the older patient to the ECG room came to me and told me that the patient has forgot that why he is at the hospital and what happened to him. I instantly checked the medical history of the patient to discover that the patient is suffering from early onset Alzheimers. The nurse reported that the patient is feeling very distressed at the ECG room. I readily went to the ECG room to check the patient. The patient was feeling clearly uncomfortable in the situation. I helped the patient to calm down and gave him a sedative tablet. The ECG was completed without any further difficulty and I instructed the other nurse to document the results. In the mean time, the leader of that team handling the case of the 16-year-old boy came and reported that the team members are not listening to her and she is unable to handle them. When I went there, I saw three of the team members are fighting amongst each other. I was clearly embarrassed by the situation, as the nurse manager was also present there. The nurse manager also asked me about the chaos and I was unable to answer her. The situation was clearly humiliating for me on such a busy and important day. I lost my control and started to tell them about the consequences of their inappropriate behavior. I told them, they work in the emergency ward, where many critical patients come for the immediate treatment. They are wasting their time as well as the patients time as there are many patients who need their care. They are working in a hospital, and their first duty is to provide the patient proper care according to their need. The reaction of the three nurses was stoic and they told me that they are feeling sorry for the whole incident and this type of incident will not happen again. I had a conversation with their team leader and told her to not to be disheartened by the situation. Then I went to the day-care room to check the patie nt who had ECG and saw the family members are present there. One of the student nurses was there with the patient. She was enthusiastically explaining the ECG report to the family members in the presence of the patient. The patient was clearly distressed and terrified after listening to her. Again, I calmed the patient down by talking to him soothingly. After that, I had a conversation with the nurse about the incident and told her that she should not behave this way in front of a patient who has Alzheimers and a heart condition. The patient was stressed about the condition and too much stress is not good for the patient. She should have discussed the condition with the family members separately about the reports. Analysis: While analyzing a situation, the first thing one have to understand is, why the situation have gone wrong and what sense can one make of the situation (Wong, Cummings, and Ducharme 2013 pp 709-724). While analyzing the first situation, I think that, these situations aroused due to the lack of interprofessional collaboration (Dignam 2012, pp-65-71). A successful interprofessional collaboration would happen if the students decide to exchange the professional ideas amongst themselves. An effective interprofessional relationship would influence the performance on both personal and organizational level. It is important for the junior nurses to understand the interprofessional learning. To learn it effectively, they have to learn the theories at first. The pathway of interpersonal relationship paves smoothly as the colleagues interacts daily with each other and understands the views with each other. According to Maxwell (2004), there are some factors like common interests, shared goals and visions, which can boost the relationship amongst them (Jain et al 2012, pp-1292-1295). The Social exchange theory by George Homans interprets that all interprofessional relationship is based on give and take policy (Maloney et al 2013, pp- 617-626). From all the research I have done on interpersonal relationship, I have to a framework which would help me to incorporate the attributes of interprofessional relationship amongst the junior nurses (Potter, 2015 pp-336-342). In my framework, I have to include those factors, which affects the interpersonal relationship amongst the coworkers. These factors include attributes like employee demographics, personality, interaction setting, openness, trust and risk of experiment (Blaney, 2012). To improve the interpersonal relationship, I thought I would organize sensitivity training. Along with the development of interprofessional relationship, comes interprofessional friction (Gould and Taylor 2017 pp-189-194). The different personalities of the individuals are the main cause of interpersonal friction. The three nurses were fighting with each other because of this clash of their personalities. Sensitivity training is one of the techniques, which can be attempted to resolve the friction (Yoder-Wise 2014 pp-120-222). From the second incident, it can be said that the nurse have to learn about controlling her emotion. This happened because of the lack of emotional intelligence. I think I need to arrange an intervention to lean self-control (Labby et al 2012). This will help them to manage their impulsive feeling. The intervention will help them to understand and imply how to stay composed and positive even in the hard moments (Nestel, and Bearman, 2015 pp-349-354). I also have to attend this intervention as well as I feel I also lack self-control and I am becoming more negative day by day. The focus of the intervention would be to learn self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, social skill and social awareness (Bulman and Schutz 2013, pp-29-40). Improving the idea of social awareness will also help the nurses to improve their teamwork as well. By improving social awareness, a person would increase empathy, service orientation and accept the diversity among them. According to Mayar, 2004, t he most effective intervention is those interventions, which is focused on the ability to amplify the emotional abilities (Mannix, Wilkes, and Daly 2013, pp-10-21). The intervention should be conducted in the approach of group discussion. The candidates should interact actively (Epler et al., 2014, p-15). So what: Because of these two incidents, I can clearly interpret that the current level of teamwork and the understanding of the nurses are worse than I understood. The approach I am applying to reach the ultimate goal is wrong. The nurses of the same team are competing against each other instead of helping each other to have a shared learning experience. From the second incident, I can understand the junior nurse was overenthusiastic. Because of that, she forgot the primary quality a nurse should have, which is, the ability to interpret the condition of the patient. Jasper (2007) said in his Erudite series of Analyais, that, any professional practitioner should ensure to provide the best care to his or her clients or patients. To analyze the second situation, the junior nurse did not think about the condition of the patient and decided to show off her knowledge to the patient family. Furthermore, the principle of Non-Malificence, states that, a health practitioner must ensure that the patients will not be harmed by them. When I interacted with the nurse later this day, I reminded her about the vulnerability of the patient. I was already angry because of the previous situation. During both the situation, the first emotion I felt is frustration. I was frustrated because of the bad outcome of my approach. I am working in this hospital f or eight long years and I feel that the approach of the students about teamwork has changed. They are just concerned about achieving their personal goals. Now what: I feel that I have reacted a little bit loudly with the students. Shouting loudly with the students is not a solution. The students were sorry for the mistake they have done. I could have handled the situation calmly and could have arranged interventions according to their approach. It is completely my duty to make the students understand their wrongdoing. I should not have made them feel guilty. My work would be easier to educate them if they understand what they have done is wrong and are ready for not repeating the same. As per me, I understood that, I am questioning my leadership quality and getting frustrated if anything is going wrong. I could have handled the situation differently. 29th September 2017 Today, I tried to receive feedback about those incidents happened at the ward. It has turned out the other junior nurses are also unhappy about the incidents. The members of the other two teams have said, the environment of competition amongst themselves is the main cause of the incidents is the clash of personalities of them. The feedback has given me the required insight about the others perception (MacPhee et al 2012,pp-159-167). I also realized that, as a nurse educator and leader, I have to know their background such as where do they come from and what is their way of thinking. This will help me to plan all the interventions accordingly. I have to increase my interaction with them and also have to encourage them to increase the interaction level with one another. It will also make them understand that I am always available for them. My approach is accountable with the theory Covey (2008) gave, which is Seek first to understand then to be understood (Jenkins 2014 pp-1-24). To increase the interprofessionalism, one particular article (Interprofessionalism and shared decision-making in primary care: a stepwise approach towards a new model) has given me some insight towards a newer approach about a decision making model (Stallions, Murrill and Earp 2012 pp-123-128). The newer model is called IP-SDM model (Interprofessional Shared Decision Making model). This model has three new levels- the first level is the individual level, the second and third level are respectively the meso and micro healthcare level (Lgar et al 2011, pp-18-25). At the individual level, this approach encourages the nurses to sharpen their decision-making ability. The meso level encourages every team member to make an influence in the decision making process (Weiss and Tappen 2014, 65-89). The macro level takes into account the influence of the system factors (Bender 2016). Conclusion: The last step of Gibbs reflection model is the action plan. This step includes a vital question, which is- if the situation has happens again, what would be my action? To properly answer this question, I have to follow a roadmap to be an effective leader to all the student nurses. I have to be more proactive and have to learn to set my priorities. I have to change my approach towards the situation. To help the junior nurses, I have to provide them with some interventions which will help them o resolve the conflict amongst them and will make them to share an effective rapport to for the shared decision making approach. The positive note of the situation is that I have understood what my mistakes are. I am taking an initiative to learn from my mistakes and to bring the required changes in the system. Now, I feel more confident about myself and I have learnt that I have to let go of my anxiety and frustration. References: Arnold, E.C. and Boggs, K.U., 2015.Interpersonal Relationships-E-Book: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses. 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