Nai Talim

1 SLD07. 20. 08 16th Ordinary Emory Presbyterian Church Romans 8:5-6, 12-17 Jill Oglesby Evans â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi: My Life Is My Message† Have you ever seen the bumper sticker or t-shirt slogan, â€Å"Peace, like war, must be waged? † Whatever else might be said about this morning’s saint, Mahatma Gandhi, who could argue but that the man dedicated his entire life to waging peace, in his heart, in his home, in his country, and in the world.And if you think that waging peace is somehow more passive than waging war, you may want to know that, for all his abhorrence of violence as a means to an end, yet Gandhi insisted that the non-violent activist, like any soldier, has to be ready to die for the cause. Indeed, during India’s decades long struggle for independence, thousands of Indians were killed by the British. The difference was that the non-violent activist, while willing to die, was never willing to kill. 1 [Sound like anybody else we know? ] In Gandhi ’s view, there are three possible responses to oppression and injustice.One he viewed as the coward’s way – to accept the wrong or run from it. The second was to stand and fight by force of arms, which, in his view, is better than accepting or running from the wrong. But the third way – to stand and fight solely by non-violent means – required the most courage and was best of all. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1869, to a well-placed family in presentday Gujarat, Western India, Mahatma Gandhi grew up with a devout mother and the Jain traditions of the region, absorbing influences that would eventually play an 1 www. mkgandhi. rg/faq/q14. htm. S ource: M ahatma Gandhiand His M yths, by M ark S hephard. 2 important role in his adult life, including compassion to all sentient, or feeling, beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between individuals of different creeds. 2 When he was only 13, Mohandas was married 1 4-year old Kasturbai in an arranged child marriage, as was the custom in the region. The couple’s first child, born when Gandhi was 15, only survived a few days, though Mohandas and Kasturbai were to have four more children, all sons.Despite his early marriage, Gandhi continued his education through middle and high school, and eventually to college to become a lawyer, a profession that frankly held more interest to his family than to him. In 1888, he traveled to London to study law and there crossed paths with members of the Theosophical Society, an organization founded a decade or so before for the purpose of furthering universal brotherhood. Not having shown a particular interest in religion before, Gandhi began reading works of and about Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and other religions.Subsequently, Gandhi returned to India to practice law in India, but limited success there prompted him to accept a year-long contract with an Indian firm in South Africa. The fir st photo on your bulletin covers shows Gandhi as an attorney in South Africa in 1895. In South Africa Gandhi achieved greater success in his profession, but he also found there the most flagrant discrimination against himself as an Indian. After refusing to move from first class to a third class when he held a valid first class ticket, he was physically thrown off the train.Traveling further by stagecoach, he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the footboard to make room for a European passenger. 2 For thisand the following biographicalinformation, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/M ahatmas_Gandhi 3 Another time, a magistrate ordered him to remove his turban in court, which he refused to do. These incidents comprised a turning point in Gandhi’s life, awakening him to contemporary social injustice and prompting his passionate social activism.Prompted by a bill denying Indians the right to vote, Gandhi found himself becoming politically active, organizing the Ind ian community into a homogenous political force. Having experienced firsthand the racism, prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa, and witnessing the compromise that came through peaceful protest, Gandhi began to question his own people’s status within the British Empire, as well as his personal role in his society. In 1915, Gandhi returned to India desiring to be introduced to the issues, politics and people of his native country.One of his first major achievements came in 1918 when he intervened on behalf of the villages of Champaran. The people there, suppressed by the militias of British landlords, lived in extreme poverty. Yet the British still levied an additional oppressive tax which they continually increased despite the peoples’ desperate conditions. In response, Gandhi organized a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering amongst the people.Enlisting the help of villagers, he be gan leading a clean-up of the villages, including the building of schools and hospitals, and the training of village leadership. †¦ Until he was arrested for creating unrest. At which point, hundreds of thousands of people protested and demanded his release, which the court reluctantly granted. Finally, under Gandhi’s leadership, the landlords signed an agreement 4 granting the poor farmers of the region more compensation and control over their farming.It was during this agitation that the village people began to address Gandhi as Bapu, which means â€Å"Father,† and Mahatma, an honorary title meaning â€Å"Great Soul. † The monikers spread, as did Gandhi’s reputation for strength in resistance against injustice. Yet Gandhi’s strength throughout his and India’s struggle against the British came, not from armed weapons but from the tactics of non-cooperation, non-violence, and peaceful resistance. To Gandhi, all violence was evil and cou ld not be justified, no matter which side, the â€Å"enemy’s† or his own, perpetuated it.Regardless of how incendiary the acts of the British or their Raj, nevertheless Gandhi consistently decried any violent retaliatory actions on the part of the Indians. Being assertive and on the offensive? Yes, even aggressively so, through civil disobedience and non-cooperation. â€Å"Satyagraha† was the term Gandhi used for non-violent action, which in his mind was â€Å"a way of life based on love and compassion. †3 Asks one author, Mark Shepherd, who wrote a publication called Gandhi and His Myths, â€Å"why did Gandhi employ this approach? Was he just trying to fill the jails? To overwhelm and embarrass his captors?Make them ‘give in’ through force of numbers? Not at all,† says Shepherd. â€Å"He just wanted to make a statement. He wanted to say, ‘I care so deeply about this matter that I am willing to take on the legal penalties, to si t in this prison cell, to sacrifice my freedom, in order to show you how deeply I care. Because when you see the depth of my concern, and how ‘civil’ I am in going about this, you’re bound to change your mind about me, to abandon your rigid, unjust position, and let me help you see the truth of my cause. ’ In other words, says the author, Gandhi’s 3 www. mkgandhi. org/faq/q17. htm method aimed to win not by overwhelming, but by converting his opponent, by bring about a ‘change of heart. ’†4 â€Å"Sound naive? † asks Shepherd. â€Å"Well, it is,† he says. â€Å"To my knowledge, no civil disobedience campaign of Gandhi’s ever succeeded chiefly through a change of heart in his opponents. Rather, here’s what happened: Gandhi and his followers break a law politely. Public leaders have them arrested, tried and put in prison. Gandhi and his followers cheerfully accept it all. Members of the public are impress ed by the protest and public sympathy is aroused for the protesters and their cause.Members of the public put pressure on the leaders to negotiate with Gandhi. As cycles of civil disobedience recur, public pressure grows stronger. Finally, public leaders give into pressure from their constituency and negotiate with Gandhi. †¦ There are variations on this theme in Gandhi’s campaigns but generally speaking, his most decisive influence on his opponents was more indirect than direct. †5 Lest you imagine that Gandhi held the law in disregard, hear his rules for civil disobedience: Only people with a high regard for the law were qualified for civil disobedience.Only specific, unjust laws were to be broken. No direct or physical coercion was allowed. Hostile language was banned. Destroying property was forbidden. Civil disobedience in the form of the thoughtful, peaceful, and intentional breaking of unjust laws, and non-cooperation in the form of strikes, economic boycott s and tax refusals – this was how Gandhi believed India could gain complete individual, spiritual and political independence from the British. â€Å"No government can exist for a 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 single moment without the cooperation of the people, willing or forced,† said Gandhi. And if people suddenly withdraw their cooperation in every detail, the government will come to a standstill. † And so it did. To start the ball rolling, Gandhi reorganized the Indian National Congress, oversaw the writing of a new constitution, and set about improving the discipline and effectiveness of his people. He expanded his non-violent platform to include the swadeshi policy – the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that homespun cloth (khadi) be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles.He exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning this homespun cloth, as he did, himself, a strategy intended both to inculcate discipline and dedication in the masses, and to include women in the movement. In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British educational institutions, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honors. Gandhi’s non-cooperation program enjoyed wide-spread appeal and success, increasing excitement and participation from all strata of Indian society.However, just as it was reaching its apex, Gandhi ended it abruptly because of a violent clash in the state of Uttar Pradesh in 1922. Fearing that his movement was about to take a turn towards violence that would be the undoing of all his work, Gandhi called off his campaign of mass civil disobedience. He was arrested on March 10, 1922 and sentenced to six years of imprisonment, of which he served two. 7 For the following decade Gandhi stayed out of active politics, focusing most of his attention on expanding initiatives against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty.In 1928, however, when the British government appointed a new constitutional reform commission that did not include any Indians, Gandhi returned to public debate, leading Congress to call the British either to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-cooperation with complete independence as its goal. The British did not respond. On December 31, 1929, the Indian flag was raised in Lahore. Two months later Gandhi launched his famous 248 mile â€Å"Salt March† to the sea for Indians to make their own salt, instead of purchasing it from Britain.Thousands of Indians joined in the march. The British responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people. Due to political pressure, however, within a year, the British government decided to negotiate with Gandhi. In return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement, they agreed to set all political prisoners free. Unfortunately no real transfer of power took place. Wh en World War II broke out, Gandhi and his supporters made it clear through their most forceful movement yet, called Quit India, that they would not support the war effort unless India were granted immediate independence.Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay in 1942 and held for two years. Because of his failing health, he was released before the end of the war. At the end of the war, the British vowed to transfer power to Indian hands. Gandhi called off the struggle and 100,000 political prisoners were released. 8 Over the next two years, many debates occurred related to the nature of the freedom of India and its partition into Muslim and Hindu-majority states.Gandhi was vehemently opposed to any plan that partitioned India into two separate countries, although he finally assented, and devoted himself to keeping the Indian warring parties at peace. Still, on January 30, 1948, Gandhi was shot and killed by a Hindu radical whose extremist organizatio n held him responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a political payment to the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Although Mahatma Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of non-violence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a huge scale.Important leaders strongly influenced by Gandhi’s approach to political activism include Afro-American Martin Luther King,Jr. , Euro-American Albert Einstein and Mexican American Cesar Chavez, South Africans Nelson Mandela, Steven Biko and Desmond Tutu, the prime minister-elect of Burma/Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi, Pakistani Muslim peacemaker Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the Tibetan Dalai Lama, and British-born devotee and activist, Madeleine Slade, also known as Mirabehn. Gandhi’s developed principles of discipline, non-violence and passionate concern for the greater good echo loudly across many faiths.In 1955 Martin Luther King, Jr. remarked, â€Å"Christ gave us the goals, and Mahatma Gandhi, the tactics. † You know, there’s an irony to trying to distill the story, teaching and example of a soul as great as Gandhi’s (or any other saint’s, for that matter) into a single sermon on a single Sunday morning in one particular American protestant church. But if our aim is to 9 look for proof that the gospel can, indeed, be lived, then in my view, it’s nevertheless important to make a stab at exploring the many diverse ways it is.The God that you and I worship and seek to know is sovereign over all creation, over all humanity, over all that is good and life-giving, indeed, over all that is. That’s what the Apostle Paul believed when he preached to the seekers in Rome about the importance of setting their minds on the things of the Spirit. To set the mind on the flesh is death, he told them, but to set the mind on the Spirit is life and peace. And all who are led by the Spirit of God, said Paul, are children of God. (Ro 8:5-6,14) If we imagine that the re is only one way to led by the Spirit of God, we limit God.If we imagine there is only one way God’s Spirit can lead us, we limit ourselves. So if each Sunday we can’t quite fully capture or communicate the depth and breadth or ambiguities of the lives of our summer saints, yet perhaps our imaginations are stretched enough beyond the usual boundaries of our daily lives and faith, that we might even wonder ourselves in what boundary-breaking ways God’s Spirit might be trying to lead us. After all, â€Å"what is faith worth if it is not translated into action? † asks Gandhi. And that’s a good question. To the glory of God. Amen.

Patents and Intellectual Property Essay

                    A patent is a set of rights given exclusively to an individual or firm by an independent nation to the inventor or discoverer for a given duration in exchange for detailed information on the details of the inventions or discovery (Foray 28). These set of rights are exclusive to the inventors thus acknowledging their contribution and get financial benefits. Inventions that can be patented are new products, processes of manufacturing, improvements to an existing product or process, new chemical compounds or compositions, or processes relating of an existing manufacturing process (Perelman n.p.). This form of intellectual property encourages the economic and technological development by rewarding intellectual creativity.                  Patents laws are set up to ensure that the owner of intellectual property benefits from his or her invention. The law gives the owner freedom of choice to do what they require with the invention as long as it does not conflict with other existing laws. The inventor can sell the patent at any market price they believe is commensurable, they can license the patent to others for use and in the process collect royalties from the users which increases their financial stability (Gold 135). Patent laws also offers a sense of protection to the inventors for the stipulated time usually twenty years and this approach usually is a disadvantage to the competitors in the same line of work. These laws also prohibit dealing with patented goods without permission from the patent holder and this ensures that pirating of patented goods or services is a prosecutable case whereby one can be sentenced to jail or heavily fined (Perelman n.p.).                Patents are a crucial part for advancements in science based professions such as medicine, biotechnology, computers and even drug chemistry. These advancements have born great fruits which have all been aimed at improving the life of mankind. In this paper, the strengths and weaknesses of patent laws and foreign investment, trade, innovation, public health, generic resources and traditional knowledge will be discussed. Patent laws have improved the life of investors greatly, this has led to greater determinations in patenting other products, and in the process, greater, and discoveries that are more useful have been made.                  Strong patent laws are a major attraction to foreign investors who are assured of the protection of their goods or services. They are thus confident about imitations of their product, which has lead to an increased net demand of their products leading to higher marginal profits. The intellectual laws act as an attraction and assurance to foreign investors as their business is enabled a fair play ground to compete with existing indigenous firms (Smarzynska 41). Strong patent laws also offer a location attraction to foreign investors opting for areas with enhanced patent laws. This has lead to further development and improvement of economies of such areas as compared to areas whose laws are not well established. Stronger intellectual property rights can be a deterrent to new foreign investors since existing firms may have already established large market bases which may not be easy to break through. With this kind of market, monopolistic ventures may mushro om to the disadvantage of consumers since they may overprice their commodities due to lack of competitors.                  Patent laws create ownership advantages conferring ownership advantages to firms serving the foreign markets (Cooter, & Ulen 124). Through the provision of legal redress against any violations, markets are expanded and increase in both multilateral and bilateral trade is enhanced. Patent laws increase bilateral exchange to foreign markets by reducing the costs associated with preventing loss of knowledge assets. Such costs consist of foregone revenues resulting from reduced bilateral exchange and or expenses incurred to make knowledge assets difficult to imitate especially when the destination country has strong imitative abilities.                     Strong intellectual property laws can increase market power and even though strong laws enhance ownership advantage, this enhanced ownership can increase or decrease bilateral exchange. The market power concept holds that strong rights reduce bilateral exchange by ensuring a temporary monopoly over the protected knowledge. This market power is attributed to the patent holder, whether domestic or foreign. Firms that secure strong patent protection in foreign markets can exercise their market power by restricting quantity and increasing the unit price of bilateral exchange to that market (Fink and Primo 26).                  According to Forays (13), strong patent laws provide incentives for people and firms to invest in research.Where there exists strong patent laws, inventors and innovators are energized since any benefits accrued from the new knowledge benefits them solely. With weak patent laws a free market economy fails to induce an optimal investment in research, development and innovation, since investors would not be able to recoup the full benefit from their investment. Patent laws also give strong ownership advantages to firms in developed countries, which encourage them to transfer their technology to developing countries through market channels at a cost. Strong patent laws may also be a disadvantage since they may lead to increased market power which results in high cost of technology transfer. In cases where there exist weak patent laws, this provides a loophole for technology transfer in non-market channels which would greatly disadvantage the innovators.                   Patents are important to pharmaceutical firms as they help in appropriating the benefits to the innovators. Moreover, products and the development process are protected from imitators in order to avoid replication of same drug. The process of drug development is quite costly averaging at about 1billion US dollars for the actual discovery, development and regulation approval. However, patenting novel drugs is essential and only beneficial in developed countries where many firms may want to set up drug manufacturing firms. According to Vernon (14), the expensive process of research and development is usually compensated by profits, which arise from patent protection. Patent laws in drug development are quite complicated since while patenting new drug protects the producers from unscrupulous firms may also increase the cost of the drugs thus making them unaffordable to needy people.                     The process of patenting innovations in public health may be long and tiresome which may discourage innovations. However due to emergence of tropical diseases in the developing world patenting may act as an incentive for continued research in both drug development and innovations of new procedures for their early diagnosis and treatment. All this will lead to improved health care for patients especially in developing countries where cost of drugs is beyond the reach of the majority who are struggling. Patent laws encourage the development of medicinal compounds or products. These conditions being rare are not economically viable for the pharmaceutical firms since the profits margins are so minimal thus little research is channeled towards them. However, through patenting, firms that delve into this kind of research because they are protected exclusively thus giving them the sole ownership rights to manufacture and distribute them at a given cost (Gol d 131-132). This enables them to make profits.                   Weak patent laws in the health sector have been associated by rise of firms, which exploit the whole process of drug development. Drug imitators can benefit from innovators’ free approval and produce duplicate drugs at a much lower cost relative to the real cost of discovering and developing the new product. Patenting the genetic resources and traditional knowledge ensures that people who participated in the development of the new information are acknowledged for the work they have done. To scholars being acknowledged builds confidence in them and is a motivator for them to work even harder. By them being acknowledged, it shows that they become authorities in their specific fields, which further leads to production of more accurate and high quality new knowledge. Patent laws regarding information are in conflict with human rights since plant information should be made public for the benefit of all. It is not easy to relate patent laws and human ri ghts since it exist in different perspectives on the same depending on the contributors (Gold 186). As such, information to the knowledge should be easily accessible at minimal cost affordable to all.                   In production of pharmaceuticals, patents laws restricted patent term to 20 years, this was disadvantageous to people who developed drugs for infrequent illness because sales of the drugs could not give adequate returns within the period. It was until 1984 that the congress amended the drug act by coming up with orphan drugs act that extended the period of patents to 25 years in order to allow developers to pay-back the cost of development and get profits (Gold 132). In addition, patent restricted use of available drugs for research of new drugs development. This presented a challenge to development of new and generic drugs until when the congress amended the patent laws to allow use of drugs for research purposes. Conclusion                   Patent laws have more strength compared to the weaknesses depending on the issue of involved in discussion. Through patenting, the innovators and inventors are not only recognized as the owner of the emerging products but they also have various benefits such as financial gains to payback on the capital invested. However, the patent are only limited to 20 years, which in some cases is disadvantageous to products with weak marketing such as orphan drugs. However, government intervention has seen developers reap high profits for their ideas, and products over a given period. The weakness of patent is limitation on research where they restrict third party from using the original product or idea to develop new product thus slowing research and improvements of the existing ones. Hence, caution is necessary to ensure that patenting does not give rise to monopolies, which would discourage competition at the expense of the consumers. References Cooter, Robert and Ulen, Thomas. â€Å"Intellectual Property† in Law and Economics 5th ed. Toronto: Pearson, 2008. Fink, Carsten. and C.A. Primo Braga. ‘How Stronger Protection of Intellectual Property Rights Affects International Trade Flows’. In C. Fink and E. Mansfield (eds) Intellectual Property and Development: Lessons from Recent Economic Research. New York: World Bank/Oxford University Press. (2004). Print. Foray, Dominique. Technology Transfer in the TRIPS Age: The Need for New Types of Partnerships between the Least Developed and Most Advanced Economies. Geneva international Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (2009). Gold, Richard E. Patents and Human Rights: A Heterodox Analysis. Journal of Law,Medicines and Ethics, 41(1) (2013):185-198. Perelman, Michael. â€Å"In Patents We Trust: How the U.S. Government Learned to Stop Worrying about Monopoly and Love Intellectual Property.† MR Zine (2005). Smarzynska Javorcik, B. ‘The Composition of Foreign Direct Investment and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights: Evidence from Transition Economies’. Journal of European Economic Review 48(1) (2004): 39–62. Vernon, J.A. ‘Examining the Link between Price Regulation and Pharmaceutical Research and Development Investment’. Journal of Health Economics 14(1) (2005): 1–16. Source document

The Tattooed Soldier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Tattooed Soldier - Essay Example The story is based on two men who are haunted and the disastrous intersection of their lives. Antonio Bernal, who lives in San Cristobal Acatapan, is seen packing his worldly belongings in an untidy apartment full of blood, and this is after his wife and kid of two years old were killed by a death squad. This was the main reason that made him leave Guatemalan for the fear of being attacked. His mind is full of memories of that fateful day; his freaked flight; and the yellow tattooed killer that he managed to see. As he strolls, he joins the evicted community that comprised of individuals from every situation conflicting the tides of bad luck with scrapings of tins and cardboards and humor and friendship. The writer in his fiction debut brings the metropolitan landscape to persistent life on the page and reveals that the inner setting of his characters with stunning precision and immediacy (Tober, 1). This novel is a fascinating story of revenge set on the lowermost rung of Los Angeles social ladder, within the hardscrabble lives of the homeless and illegal immigrants. The tattooed killer known as Guillermo Longoria was the veteran of the death squad in Guatemalan that was aimed at driving out the contamination of socialism. Furthermore, as Antonio strolled he saw Longoria calmly eating a chocolate flavored ice cream in the city center at a place known as MacArthur and he was thrilled with the likelihood of revenging his loved ones. He even went to the extent of acquiring a gun so as to use it in his mission of revenge to the death of his wife and child. This was not his wish, but circumstances had started converting him to a retaliator. Accordingly, â€Å"During the day, soldiers dressed as civilians came to kidnap professors and students† (87). In addition, Longoria, who was a peasant farmer and involuntarily joined the army, nevertheless, in the end he developed to love the authority it gave him.

The Body Shop Saga by Anita Roddick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Body Shop Saga by Anita Roddick - Essay Example The first Body Shop, painted an appropriate green, opened in 1976. Roddick's timing was excellent. The first Earth Day had been celebrated in 1970, with the participation even of corporations such as the chemical and petroleum industry giants Monsanto and Texaco. There was growing international consciousness on issues related to the environment and sustainable development. People's desire and determination to "do something" about these problems produced the social movements of the 80s and beyond. Green business proved to be good business It made people feel good that they had not only bought good products but supported causes such as the famous saving the whales movement. The "business with principles" marketing strategy obviously worked. By 1992, the business was valued at 700 million pounds. By 1992 Body Shop shares were being sold at 3.72 pounds at the London stock exchange. At that time they were known as "the shares that defy gravity." (Entine 2002) Who could know that by 2006 t he shop built on corporate social responsibility (CSR) would be sold to L'Oreal, a player in the high-end beauty industry, that is 26% owned by Nestle. Roddick and The Body Shop from the very beginning expressed its stand against animal testing. The most salient points of the 1999 and 2002 report â€Å"revealed a huge ethical gap between BSI's marketing image and its actual practices†¦This deception†¦is pervasive: Roddick stole the Body Shop name and marketing concept, fabricated key demands of the company myth, misrepresented its charitable contributions and fair trade programs and has been beset by employee morale and franchise problems. Moreover, its "natural" products are filled with petrochemical colorings, fragrances, preservatives and base ingredients such as mineral oil and petrolatum.†Ã‚  

Case perspectives in the juvenile justice system Essay

Case perspectives in the juvenile justice system - Essay Example prit, and deciding severity of the crime, as well as recommending suitable correctional methods in order to transform the delinquent and prevent recurrence. Comprehensive intervention programs, with the help of affordable, accessible, and appropriate to all concerned, should be used to fostering cooperation among families, schools, and communities to interact with child offenders who are prone to commit serious and violent crimes. After schools programs under the supervision of caring adults will inculcate resilience in children and transform them into successful adolescents. Children in the USA are arrested, under the provisions of â€Å"Juvenile Justice System,† on suspicion of violating criminal laws for frequent truancy, running away from home, violating curfew, possession of alcohol, possession of marijuana, and shoplifting. â€Å"Compared with juveniles who start offending in adolescence, child delinquents (age 12 and younger) are two to three times more likely to become tomorrow’s serious and violent offenders.† (US Department of Justice, 2003). It is observed that school-age children and teens that are unsupervised during the hours after school are far more likely to use drugs, engage in criminal and other high risk behavior, receive poor grades, and drop out of school than those children who have the opportunity to benefit from constructive activities supervised by responsible adults. The absence of father or a peer or equivalent in the home magnifies the negative impact of mother-child relationship upon adolescent problem b ehavior. Data compiled by the National Centre for Juvenile Justice and Office for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention shows that â€Å"the peak hours for violent juvenile crime are between 3.00 PM to 8.00PM because millions of young children after school are left without responsible adult supervision or constructive activities.† At this juncture we should not forget the words of President Clinton that â€Å"we must make sure that

Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Memo - Assignment Example nts require skills that enhance their capacity to understand, analyze data, solve problems and communicate their ideas to others, which is necessary for collaboration in Park University. According to Hanson-Smith, and Rilling, such skills are fundamental to the success of the contemporary knowledge society (363). Nevertheless, most of the students do not possess these skills and the educators are not informed regarding the necessary steps to take to improve online learning. The students’ needs that should be addressed include; Effective communication through the utilization of the various tools available such as audio, visual, computer graphics and various design software. The students should also be exposed to the use of emerging communication environments such as the World Wide Web, electronic mail and social networking sites among other interactive strategies. Analyzing and interpreting information obtained from various sources including the World Wide Web. Much of the information obtained from websites is usually raw and requires skills for selection of only what is useful for the students and discarding the irrelevant data. They need skills to gather the right information, make comparisons, evaluate and interpret information to make it useful in their learning endeavors. Computational modeling is a significant skill that allows students to cope with the difficult tasks in various subjects. They need to understand a range of systems for data representation, which include; mathematical models and simulations as well as various computer programs that can be used for problem solving. The assumptions that form the basis of the models as well as their effectiveness and limitations need to be known by the students to enhance their problem solving skills. Time management is also important since it allows students to accomplish tasks on time and with ease. Improvements in learning at Park University can be achieved through promoting skills in task management and

Juvenile courts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile courts - Essay Example hat, by creating a separate court system for juvenile offenders, these young offenders will not be punished in a way that will have effect on their current behavior. While he agrees that young offenders do not require the harsher punishments seen within the regular court system, he believes that treatment will still be dismal if the two courts were separated. In regards to changing the current state of the juvenile court into involving social welfare to the offenders, Feld is against this because, in previous attempts, there were odds between how the offenders were treated and punished. As nothing was being done as it should have been, Feld believes that there is simply no point in having a juvenile court. Feld would like to abolish the juvenile courts altogether because he has not seen anything to suggest that they are doing any good. He thinks that there is nothing wrong with juveniles being tried in the typical court, just as long as they are given proper punishments that reflect how young they are (as well as the crime that they committed). The "cushions" that Feld recommends for juveniles being adjudicated in adult courts involve the young offenders avoiding punishments that are meant for adult offenders; this is a fear that he has with keeping them in the typical court, yet he believes things could be worse if there were separate courts. These "cushions" include the creation of waivers for specific offenses - these waivers would allow offenders to go free without imprisonment or a lengthy punishment, but perhaps community service or something similar to that effect. Another "cushion" allows that young offenders will have a maximum punishment, so that they are never given the sam e punishment as their adult counterparts. These "cushions" can prove to be helpful as they do take into consideration that young offenders do not deserve the same punishments as people older than them, and those that might have committed more serious offenses. They can prove to be

Lap report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lap - Lab Report Example Half value layer is often applied in radiography, this is because it is easier to remember or recall the values and simple calculation are readily performed. There are often a multiple factors the affect half value layer. These factors often brings the difference in value of HVL in different material. For the case of aluminum the following factors always affect HVL. Thickness of the aluminum attenuator, purity of the aluminum, detector material of dosimeter used. Fluctuation of x-ray output, detector location in x-ray field. Ultra high purity of aluminum always produce more accurate measures of half value layer (Edenman and Sidney). This is often different from the aluminum alloys since they have got a lot of impurity available. Although the half value of different materials was one of the important parameters for the Quality assurance and Quality control, a constant monitoring had not been performed because of measurement using the process of ionization chamber. The formulae for cal culating HVL was given by A = Ao e, Different material have got different half value layer. This brings the difference in capability in shielding of the same material. As can be seen from the table above wood have the highest half value than aluminum. The value of wood was 6.00mm while that of aluminum was 1.6mm. Half value layer was the most used factor for describing both the penetrating ability and the penetration through specific objects or material. Different shielding strength of different objects also differ when different material are used. This is evident from the first table, the Sr is different for both the aluminum and wood. There are often a multiple factors the affect half value layer. These factors often brings the difference in value of HVL in different material. For the case of aluminum the following factors always affect HVL. Thickness of the aluminum attenuator, purity of the aluminum. These factors are

Increasing Taxes on Alcohol and Cigarettes Essay Example for Free

Increasing Taxes on Alcohol and Cigarettes Essay †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sin taxes† on cigarettes and alcohol are designed to boost revenue, not improve public health †¢Minimum alcohol pricing will exacerbate poverty and entrench inequality without discouraging binge drinking †¢Most of the costs of drinking and smoking fall on individual consumers, not the public. There is no economic justification for increasing taxes on smokers and drinkers. In a report released today, The Wages of Sin Taxes (Download PDF) by Christopher Snowdon, the Adam Smith Institute condemns the government’s decision to increase taxes on cigarettes and alcohol this year and to introduce minimum alcohol pricing. The report argues that ‘sin taxes’ (taxes on commodities seen as harmful to health) are ineffective in reducing consumption and are not necessary for recouping lost revenue. The taxes are highly regressive and force the poor to pay for the government’s mishandling of public finances. The taxes don’t work Cigarette taxes are now so high that increases drive smokers to the black market instead of discouraging consumption or raising more revenue. Sin taxes are more likely to deter moderate users than heavy users, whose demand for cigarettes and alcohol is relatively inelastic. A heavy smoker or an alcoholic is unlikely to reduce consumption because of a price rise, making sin taxes an unreliable way of reducing consumption or improving public health. The victims of cigarette and alcohol duty Sin taxes hit moderate and heavy users alike. Research has shown that previous rises in cigarette tax have made only 2.3% of smokers quit, with the other 97.7% just paying more in tax. Taxes on cigarettes and alcohol are regressive and hit the poor hardest. The average smoker spends  £1660 a year on cigarettes – 20% of the bottom 10%’s income. Sin taxes are the most regressive indirect taxes, as they tend to target products that are disproportionately consumed by the poor. Minimum alcohol pricing is also deeply regressive, only affecting the cheaper drinks consumed by the poor. Punishing poor people for enjoying a drink or a cigarette exacerbates poverty and treats the poor like children who need to be controlled by the state. The public cost of smoking and drinking Taxes on cigarettes and alcohol have often been justified by studies that claim to estimate the â€Å"social cost† of these vices. These studies include intangible costs borne by individual consumers, such as â€Å"emotional distress†, lost years of life, and individual expenditures on cigarettes and alcohol. These are personal costs, not social costs. They also fail to include the economic benefits the alcohol and cigarette industry gives to the UK in terms of employment and government revenue. Most of these studies should be relegated to the bin of junk statistics. In fact, smokers and heavy drinkers do not cost the state more. Though smokers may cost more during their working lives, but non-smokers require greater expenditure in pensions, nursing care and welfare payments. Chronic diseases associated with old age are far more expensive than the lethal diseases associated with smoking and alcoholism. Smokers and drinkers are not a burden on the state, and the myth of saints subsidising sinners should not be used to justify tax rises. The appeal of ‘sin taxes’ Despite the fact they hurt the poor and do not change consumer consumption, sin taxes have always been popular with governments as a source of revenue. Sin taxes and minimum alcohol pricing should be recognised for what they really are stealth taxes and paternalism designed to control the poor. Chris Snowdon, author of the report and Adam Smith Institute fellow, says: â€Å"Campaigners for sin taxes and minimum pricing often claim that â€Å"healthy citizens† are forced to bear the cost of other people’s lifestyles. In fact, the evidence shows that smokers take less from the communal pot than the average Briton and the money raised from alcohol duty comfortably pays for any burden drinking places on public services. If the aim of policy is to make individuals pay their way, the government should slash the beer tax and subsidise cigarettes. We are not seriously suggesting the government does this, but if politicians insist on increasing taxes on these products, they sh ould admit that the purpose is to raise revenue. Essentially the government is forcing the people who are least likely to live to extreme old age to pay for the escalating costs of an ageing population.

Listening Distractions Essay Example for Free

Listening Distractions Essay Distractions are the divided attention of an individual or group from the chosen object of attention, onto the source of distraction. Distractions are caused by: the lack of ability to pay attention; lack of interest in the object of attention; or the great intensity, novelty or alertness of something other than the object of attention. Distractions come from both external sources and internal sources. â€Å"Art of Public Speaking† by Stephen E Lucas In this assignment I will focus on five listening distractions and effective ways to combat them. In order to become an effective speaker, it should be known that success comes from being an effective listener. By understanding barriers to listening the speaker can eliminate or reduce distraction prior to delivery of the speech. Some distractors are listed below. 1.Noise: Intrapersonal, Semantic and Situational a.Intrapersonal; this comes from a listener’s internal dialog, daydreaming, or focusing on their internal thoughts â€Å"day dreaming†. By listening to their internal speech, the listener will lose concentration on the speaker and miss points and topics of the speech. b.Semantic; these are words or phrases used by the speaker that my trigger a process of thought out of line with what the speaker intended. These â€Å"trigger† words are based on several different aspects of the audience’s make-up, from gender to ethnical or country of origin and religion. c.Situational; this is the physical noise distraction that may come from the design of the lecture hall, an open door or window that allows outside noise to enter, or the rustling noises associated with the audience, i.e. cell phones, coughing, side bar conversation. 2.Speaker Perception a.This is the perception the audience makes in reference to the speaker, how the speaker presents themselves, does the speaker use filler words such as, â€Å"umh† or â€Å"you know†. Does the speaker utilize a slow methodical pattern which bores the audience, calling into question the speaker’s intellect? 3.Self-Perceptions and Personal Biases a.Comprises anything that is a barrier to understanding the speaker’s message an includes egocentrism, Ethnocentrism, and dogmatism I. Egocentrism focuses on the self-centeredness and may limit the listener because of the feeling â€Å"this doesn’t pertain to me†, â€Å"I’ve already heard this message†, or â€Å" I am too important to be listening to someone like that† II.Ethnocentrism is based on the perception of because we don’t share a creed, color, or back ground, the speaker cannot understand the message from â€Å"my† point of view. Likewise the speaker focuses, or centers their speech in a manner that is ethnically limiting. III.Dogmatism the problem of holding opinions without questioning the validity or ethical value. Unquestioned opinions can lead to defensiveness or the attitude of, â€Å"I know it all† This behavior can cause the listener to take offense to the message the speaker is conveying. 4.Physical discomfort caused by poor seating, temperature, or length of the speech without break for restroom or smoke breaks. 5.Lack of interest the speaker has lost focus, changed topic without smooth transition, and maintains a monotone which in-turn shifts the listener’s attention. May also be due to the speaker’s lack of interest in the topic resulting in poor public speaking techniques. The key to contending with these distractions are to practice the speech, become comfortable with the topic, know how long the speech will last, film the practice session and identify personal traits that may cause distraction. Have someone listen to the speech to identify patterns or behaviors that may be offensive or controversial. Understand the message, what is the purpose of the speech; focus on the transition of thoughts and ideas to ensure a smooth process. Avoid monotone voice patterns unless it is an essential part of the delivery. Have fun with the topic, the speech and the audience. Before speaking conduct a walkthrough of the lecture hall, identify distractors and eliminate them or strategize how to overcome them. Bottom line, be prepared.

Influence From Society And Mass Media Media Essay

Influence From Society And Mass Media Media Essay Mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to target a large audience or market. Its any medium used to transmit mass information. It consists of either broadcast media for example the television and the radio as well as print media which may consist of books, magazines and newspapers. The internet is the latest addition to the group. However, its definition cannot be clear cut because of the emergence of the new upcoming digital communication technology every now and then. For ages media has been a key source for knowing what is happening all around us. We live in a society that relies on information for our mere existence. Our society relies on the media to access the latest news and facts on the happenings worldwide. This way, we are well equipped to handle whatever issues that may arise on our day to day endeavors. Information empowers us and acts as a bridge between our private lives and the world outside. People often think that mass media is basically news oriented but on the contrary it may also be in the form of entertainment for example in movie films as well as educational in the case where mass media is offered in public broadcasting stations which provide educational programming to a national audience. We have put our trust so much on the media as the key source of news, entertainment and education that we tend to overlook the immense effect it has on our kids, teenagers and society as a whole yet the media plays one of the greatest roles in shaping our children (Gorman McLean 78). Violence has so far been the greatest result of mass media. The television has so far been proved to be the most influential and available means of accessing information. Television can be a powerful entertainment and education tool for children given the right programming; however it can also have very negative effects. We are constantly exposed to scenes dominated by images exuding violence, sexual immorality and much more. Ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s a known fact that children nowadays spend ass much time with television, internet and other media daily as they do in the classroom. Media is a major socializing force and we canà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t look at childhood in this current century without looking at the media. we are constantly being bombarded by advertisements ,opinion, images and stories which appear to be forcing us to conform to a specific image of how we are supposed to be and behave and as we watch our kids knowingly or unknowingly are also wat ching and tend to copy what they see. Children absorb what surrounds them making them easy targets for manipulation and victimization of the media hence by the time they reach adulthood they are already under its influence. The media promotes violence and immorality when they award them by massive coverage of violence and immorality stricken areas. The media doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t force these traits on the children but rather it sets the standard of what Is considered normal and tolerable in our society. in the media violence is considered normal as can be proved by the content of action cartoons, sports and sitcoms raising the question whether violence and immorality are the norm to our youth who look up to the media for a sense of direction in shaping their lives. the medias portrayal of violence has led to the obsession of producing violent films, video games and cartoons that has mislead our kids into believing that violence is a key part of society and when the kids get into fights at school they see nothing wrong with their actions, hence as a result violence is a key factor in the youth culture today and has resulted in an increase in criminal activities since the youth are blinded by the imagery they are viewing resulting in them mimicking what they see displayed and emphasized by the media. A culture of immorality has also cropped up. This has eroded the virtues we were brought up living in accordance with. A business of immorality has evolved and developed into one of the biggest entertainment success the industry is yet to witness. Here, the internet plays the greater role since it is the ultimate form of full information access among it the most pervert content. Sex has dominated the internet and sometimes children often without their parents or guardians knowledge gain access to such information hence arousing their curiosity. As far as televisions go, most countries have bans that limit television channels in what they present to their audience hence forcing them to scan their programmes for explicit content or clearly stating the age limit before turn on the from television without finding a programme with sexual undertones, moreover, magazines are filled with photos, stories and features that promote immorality in the use who find nothing wrong in wanting to imit ate what their favorite celebrities are doing. In their bid to role play and fit into the set standard most youngsters end up indulging in sexual activities before they are mature enough to understand the consequences of their actions (Bachus Glover 234). Foul vulgar language and poor attitude have not been spared either and has developed at an alarming rate. Children from as young as when they learn to speak are exposed to vulgar language mostly from what they hear in the media. The use of vulgar language is on the rise in entertainment, television programmes and social conversations. This language is mostly hostile, disrespectful not to forget embarrassing yet the young people see nothing wrong in using this foul language since the media makes it look okay and normal. Children have also developed poor attitude from watching movies and they tend to copy what they see the movie stars they adore do. This results in them offending others unknowingly since they are under the notion that that language is proper otherwise it wouldnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t have been aired for them to see. The media provides contrasting options and our greatest challenge is to choose wisely what to listen to and watch surprisingly, opposite from its negative side mass media offers much that is productive and resourceful to us. The hardest thing is deciding and choosing what is good and what is not. Our moral values should not be jeopardized because we have acquired new technology. We cannot shield our children and loved ones from all the explicit content they are likely to encounter in their daily routines on the media, but we can at least try talking to them and showing them the difference between the right and the wrong. its our responsibility to prepare our children psychologically for the digital world we have created and teach them useful skills to enable them make wise decisions when they are online and finally stop blaming the media for the mistakes our children make.

effect of media on sports :: essays research papers

influence of mass media on sport : Influences of Mass Media in Sport When communication is spread not just between two individuals but rather between tens of millions of people it is known as mass media. Mass media is known as the central nervous system of society. "Mass media has many different purposes, such as providing information, entertaining, persuading and also by carrying a vague general function of culture to millions of people."(Frederick 18). In order for mass media to exist, there must be an audience. Today's society is very selective; each receiver reacts differently through his or her own experience and orientation according to mass media. Therefore, mass media exists in many different forms such as magazines, television, newspapers, internet, motion pictures, and even plays. Some examples of these forms of mass media are cosmopolitan magazine for young modern women and TSN television network for sports fans. With such extreme varieties of mass media existing in today's societies there are three major constraints that seem to have an impressionable impact. These constraints can keep mass media very restricted. The major constraint of mass media is competition. Each form of mass media wants to be the one to target the audience, so therefore competition between mass media is very strong, because capturing the inside of the sports world is critical. Apart from the competition among the various forms of media there is also competition among each form of the media example Fox network competes with all television networks for a market share of the audience. Network companies such as Fox buy the contracts to show American football games for millions of dollars, which they in turn make their money back through companies wanting to advertize on their network during these football games. The audience Fox attracts by showing these games also provides an audience for companies wanting to advertise their products and provides potential customers for their products. This life cycle exists in all forms of media apart from just television, newspapers try to cover the best stories in all areas of life from tradegy to sports and entertainment. From a sociological stand point in today's society sex and violence attracts audiences. By examining the internet, which is the newest form of mass media internet companies that provide the most outrageous websites with sex and violence are the most watched websites. Media Companies compete with each other on those levels by looking at what attracts the most attention and trying to provide it.

Sex and Chance: Strange Bedfellows? :: Philosophy Essays

Sex and Chance: Strange Bedfellows? History was sex, French was sex, art was sex, the Bible... everything was sex except biology which was obviously sex but not really sex, not the one that was secret and ecstatic and wicked and a sacrament and all the things it was supposed to be but couldn't be at one and the same time-- I got that in the boiler room and it turned out to be biology after all. (Stoppard, 218) I'll admit it. I'm fascinated by sex. After all, it is the reason that we are all here, isn't it? And not just thanks to our parents: for years and years and years, sex has been the motor driving the evolutionary process. I don't think people give sex enough credit for its role in the evolutionary process. Call evolution "survival of the fittest", call it random chance, call it whatever you want-- in the end, whoever's left alive is just searching for another body in which to find comfort. I have not always been fascinated by sex. An infamous family story records my disgust when I first learned about "the birds and the bees". Apparently, I turned around in the car seat to look at my baby brother: "You mean you did it twice??" Part of my growing fascination has been a result of the evolving story I have been told/am telling myself about sex. In class, Professor Grobstein taught us about "lateral transfer", and Elizabeth dubbed sex "the transfer of genetic material". I don't like to think about sex in purely clinical terms, however. It's not just my status as a "hopeless romantic", it's also my belief that sex is bigger than the box of words it is often put into. Sex is a growing, changing thing that is going through its own evolution. Not that the process itself has changed much; it's human interpretation and response to sex that continues to evolve. Also , if sex is allowed leeway to expand beyond the clinical level, it gains greater implications (not that birth isn't a great implication by any means). As Stoppard puts it: "Einstein- relativity and sex. Chippendale- sex and furniture. Galileo- 'Did the earth move?'" (Stoppard, 90). In this sense, everything we do is linked inextricably to sex. (Upon writing this previous sentence, I realized that I have picked a topic which is quite beyond the scope of this paper, and would require many many years of research.

Compare Romeo and Juliet Essay

Romeo and Juliet and Pride and Prejudice are two of the most admirable and exquisite works ever written about the struggling love of two opposing forces. The novels have had a great literary importance and give us a sense of love and marriage on its most bewildered journey during the Elizabethan Era and the Napoleonic wars. Even though these two novels are from two different eras and are quite divergent as a result of it, this essay will argue that both Romeo and Juliet and Pride and Prejudice are indubitable similar in the concern of love and marriage. Firstly, this essay will present a short amount of background regarding love and marriage during the Elizabethan era and in the turn of the nineteenth century. Secondly, the essay will talk about the comparison and distinction in love and marriage present in the novels. Thirdly, this essay will discuss and hopefully conclude with the chosen thesis. During the Elizabethan era women were subservient to men and they were raised not to consider otherwise. They were expected to marry whomever the father would hold appropriate. The Scottish protestant leader John Knox wrote â€Å"†Women in her greatest perfection was made to serve and obey man.†( Alchin, L.K. â€Å"Elizabethan Women.) The marriages were arranged to create alliances with other powerful families which becomes the obvious environment in the play about Romeo and Juliet. Love was not significant between a man and a woman. Instead the importance of financial security and a life in everlastingly safety was prioritized through the marriage of a wealthy suitor. In the play by Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet, Juliet is being arranged to marry Paris, a kinsman of the prince, a well suited husband for her despite of her disapproval. As Paris speaks â€Å"God shield I should disturb devotion!—Juliet, on Thursday early will I rouse ye.(kisses her) Till then, adi eu, and keep this holy kiss.† ( Romeo and Juliet, 4.1 William Shakespeare) This is not a marriage for love and this typical prejudice of marriage is also highly present in Jane Austen’s book Pride and Prejudice. One of the characters Charlotte amongst other, is utterly convinced of a socially ideal marriage which was the most common way to unite in the turn of the nineteenth century. â€Å"I am not romantic, you know; I never was. I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr. Collins’s character,  connection, and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast on entering the marriage state.† (Chapter 22. Page 193.† Pride and Prejudice. N.p.: Planet Pdf). Most women decided to marry rather than depend on other family members for financial support. Due to this choice or lack thereof, love and passion were presumed to be less essential in people’s lives. Charlotte’s quote expresses more or less the plight woman had throughout the turn of the nineteenth century. It’s very likely that the Author of Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen intentionally tried to reveal woman’s position in love and marriage as they were. Shakespeare on the other hand probably had a slightly different agenda which was mainly to please the audiences. All though it is important to not e that Shakespeare presumably wrote about this social decay because he did not approve of what was going on at the time. We might say that this includes the social condition of women and their meager rights in love and marriage. â€Å"Get thee a good husband, and use him as he uses thee.†(All’s Well That Ends Well 1.1.212-13) In Romeo and Juliet the matter of love dominates the play.† My bounty is as boundless as the sea, My love as deep; the more I give to thee, The more I have, for both are infinite. (Romeo and Juliet 2.2, William Shakespeare). Love in this play is simply not one-sided. There is puppy love or shallow love which is the love Romeo has for Rosalie, merely drawn to her appearances’. This view of love is also present in the novel Pride and Prejudice. One of the main characters Mr. Darcy speaks of the woman who later becomes his wife â€Å"She is tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me;† (Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice,Planet Pdf p.14 Ch. 3) Romeo and Juliet and Pride and Prejudice are both acclaimed love stories which center around a man and a woman and their love for each other. The other characters seem to play their important role converging upon these lovers or lovers to be. In both stories we see a strong opposing love due to a distinctness of social class as occurring in Pride and Prejudice between the middle class, the Bennett’s and the Aristocrats Darcy’s and new money the Bingley’s. In Romeo and Juliet the antagonistic love is more defined as a feud between tw o powerful families who will not by any circumstances find peace with each other. â€Å"Two households, both alike in dignity, In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.† (Romeo and  Juliet, Prologue p.7 William Shakespeare). The House of Montegue and the House of Capulet are the two families who are sworn enemies, never to reconcile until Romeo and Juliet’s deaths. Nevertheless both the novel and the play have in common the opposing forces set in the story. These two main characters should not be together in love as a result of society’s rules. They both defy society’s instructions and give in to love rather than reason. This way of writing was probably intentional by Shakespeare considering the Renaissance period was also about universal order as in Humanism which was a significant factor in general in Shakespeare’s plays.( â€Å"Renaissance Humanism and Shakespeare†.) Both Romeo and Juliet and Pride and Prejudice paint marriage as one of life’s most important choices. Even though this is the case, it is considerably important to envision that Pride and Prejudice has a slightly closer focus on family over husband whereas Romeo and Juliet leans more toward love for husband over family in my opinion. The reason for this is the personalities of the women in the Novel and the Play. Both Juliet and Elizabeth are strong female characters who are being presented as very respectable human beings despite their flaws. In a way we can say that both authors, Jane Austen and William Shakespeare speak for the women at that time and their difficult situations in love and marriage. Passion, love and hate is also a common denominator in these stories. These three words as a whole provide us with an overall understanding of these books. Passion as source of consistency, love as a diversity present in different elements, and hate as an opposition to love to create balance. All though there are quite a few similarities between the novel and the play, there are also a few contrasts present in the books which are important to consider in an analysis of love and marriage. The play Romeo and Juliet has an overwhelming amount of overpowering force of love in it which supersedes everything. The love Romeo and Juliet has for each other is almost obsessive, and self-destructive as a result of it. (â€Å"Love is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs; Being purged, a fire sparkling in lovers’ eyes; Being vex’d a sea nourish’d with lovers’ tears: What is it else? a madness most discreet, A choking gall and a preserving sweet.† ( Romeo and Juliet, 1.1, William Shakespeare.) Romeo speaks of love as he has read in books, but unlikely experienced. Romeo’s passionate feelings develop into a deadly love at the end of the play when the couple’s  tragic destiny prevails and they both die by their own hands. Pride and Prej udice do not have this uncontrollable intense love. The novel focuses more on the achievement of marriage and stability in life, financial and the image of respectability rather than the passionate lusty love. It is important to remember that love is also one of the themes of Pride and Prejudice and that the love in which the main characters Darcy and Elizabeth have for each other at the end of the novel is some of the reasons why this book is so successful. Even though the excessive love is more present in the play about Romeo and Juliet as a result of their lawless passion as archetypal lovers, it is relatively different than what we see in Pride and Prejudice. Both stories have a background of society’s expectation in love and marriage such as Juliet’s arranged marriage to Paris and Elizabeth’s friend Charlotte’s marriage to Mr. Collins an overbearing, and ridiculous heir to the entailed Bennett’s estate. In the play about Romeo and Juliet they are being referred to as star-crossed lovers â€Å"Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes .A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life; Whose misadventur’d piteous overthrows. Doth with their death bury their parents’ strife.( Romeo and Juliet, the Prologue. p.7, William Shakespeare,) The stars functions as an opposition to Romeo and Juliet’s destiny and is there-for an indicatio n of a not intended universal love as we can see clearly at the tragic end of the play followed by the death of the two young lovers. Pride and Prejudice have a slightly different ending. It has lot more satisfying completion where the two main characters finally can live a fulfilled life together despite the society’s heavy burden of commandment which the reader of the novel was most likely able to anticipate through-out the novel. We see that Romeo and Juliet and Pride and Prejudice have an evident distinction at the end of the two books towards the consideration of meaning. Clearly Romeo and Juliet is a forced equation whereas Darcy and Elisabeth are more likely to be predestined. By analyzing some of the similarities and contrasts in love and marriage in the two books I find the similarities no more substantial than the contrasts. This might be a result of the underlying elements that keep on grasping the connections as we see it. Some of the leading aspects of this influence are the love against all odds in Romeo and Juliet versus the more  predestined version in Pride and Prejudice. Another important element is shallow love which presents it-self in both books through the ignorance of the characters. We see similarities in the society’s established rules of marriage and the characters capability to oppose to these â€Å"decrees†. Then again there is an over-powering and obsessive force of love in Romeo and Juliet which is not accounted for in Pride and Prejudice. Due to these almost completely balanced analogies and divergences I cannot conclude with the chosen thesis and instead I accept the equity of exceptional authorship. Work cited Alchin, L.K. â€Å"Elizabethan Women.† Elizabethan Women. Www.elizabethan-era.org.uk, 16 May 2012. Web. 13 Feb. 2014. Shakespeare, William, Barbara A. Mowat, and Paul Werstine. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2011. Print. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. N.p.: Planet Pdf, n.d. Http://www.planetpdf.com/. Planet Pdf. Web. 13 Feb. 2014. â€Å"All’s Well That Ends Well: Entire Play.† All’s Well That Ends Well: Entire Play. Http://shakespeare.mit.edu/allswell/full.html, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. â€Å"Renaissance Humanism and Shakespeare.† Http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/SAYLOR.ORG-ENGL401-RENAISSANCE-HUMANISM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf. The Sailor Foundation, n.d. Web.

Measurement and Verification Protocols of Net-Zero Energy Buildings

50 Measurement and confirmation protocol of Net-Zero Energy edifice1. measuring prosodies and parametric quantities associating to ZEB†¦ criterions and directing, energy ingestion rates, IEQ, 2. computation and methodological analysis†¦ simulation†¦.monitoring†¦ 3. tools†¦.design, simulation, trial etc. 4. standardisation†¦ enfranchisement, acknowledgment plan ( IEA, ASHRAE†¦ . ) etc†¦ current illustrations†¦What is Net Zero Energy Building ( NZEB ) ?There have been efforts to specify the ZEB construct. There are many common definitions such as this ; ‘A Internet Zero Energy Building ( NZEB ) is a edifice that has zero C emanations and net nothing energy ingestion and over the class of one twelvemonth. What qualifies a edifice as a NZEB can be determined utilizing different prosodies. ?Net Zero Site Energy ( NZSE ) : A Site ZEB which produces in a twelvemonth at least every bit much energy as it uses, when accounted for at the site. Using this definition is convenient as confirmation can be achieved through on-site metering. This encourages energy-efficient designs ; nevertheless, it does non separate fuel types or take into history inefficiencies in the public-service corporation grid.Net Zero Source Energy ( NZSE ) : A Source ZEB produces yearly at least every bit much energy as it uses, when accounted for at the beginning. Source energy means the primary energy for coevals and bringing of the energy to the site.In order to cipher a building’s entire beginning the appropriate site-to-source transition, multipliers are used to cipher energy the imported and exported energy. This illustrate clearer the entire energy impact compared to a site definition. It is challenged, nev ertheless, by the troubles to get site-to-source transitions, and by the restraints of these transitions.Internet Zero Energy Costs ( NZEC ) : In a Cost ZEB, the capital the public-service corporation pays the edifice proprietor for the energy from the edifice to the grid is at least the same as the sum the proprietor pays the public-service corporation yearly in return for the energy services and energy used. This definition, is easy to verify with public-service corporation measures. Geting to zero, may be hard because of public-service corporation rate constructionsInternet Zero Energy Emissions ( NZEE ) : A NZEE edifice green goodss at least the same sum of emissions-free renewable energy as it uses from the beginnings of emissions-producing energy [ # 1 ] This is likely a better theoretical account for â€Å"green†energy beginnings ; nevertheless, like the beginning NZEB definition, it can be hard to cipher.Net-Zero Energy Building public presentationThe footings â€Å" net zero energy† , â€Å"zero net energy† , â€Å"net nothing carbon† edifice may hold different significances and are non exhaustively understood, a figure of IEA states have adopted this vision as the long-run end of one of their edifice energy policies. What is losing is a definite reading and an international understanding on the steps for edifice public presentation that can inform zero energy edifice policies, zeroprograms and industry acceptance ( IEA SHC group 2012 & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iea-shc.org/task40/ & gt ; ) . Model has been developed to map out the factors involved in this type of edifice to help sustainable interior decorators of new edifices and retrofitting of bing edifices.Common Monitoring SchemesThere are three common monitoring schemes for Net-zero energy constructing rating procedure.Whole-building attack, which is based on energy flow measuring of the whole edifice, carry out at the boundary of edifice by via public-se rvice corporation metres or other manual method.Sub-metering attack, based on assemblage of measurings of stray energy use of systems or constituents through dedicated equipment.The indoor environment quality ( IEQ ) , based on measuring of comfort parametric quantities such as comparative humidness, temperature, brightness, etc. to measure occupant comfort degree. Table 1. Stairss to be considered during the different stages of Net ZEB monitoring [ 6-6 ] Beginning: IEA SHC/ECBCS Task 40/Annex 52 – Towards Net Zero Energy solar Buildings M & A ; V protocol for Net ZEB. A proficient study of STA, 2013Constructing public presentation attack to NZEBAn NZEB energy public presentation can be accounted for or defined in several ways, capable to different boundary and the metric or the definitions of NZEB. It besides depends on the undertaking ends and the values of the design squad and edifice proprietor. depending. A figure of restrictions seem to be with the current definitions. What appears to be needed is a more thorough model, which starts to take out some of these variables in footings of edifice public presentation. The term edifice public presentation is normally associated with occupant comfort or more loosely indoor environmental quality ( IEQ ) that leads to soothe and energy efficiency. There are two more factors that besides necessitate to be considered.First it needs efficient equipment and stuffs appropriate for the location and conditions ( proficient factors ) ; and 2nd, comfortss and services appropriate to the building’s intended usage ; and operated in such a mode as to hold a low energy usage compared to other, similar, edifices ( non proficient factors ) What is IEQ ( Indoor Environmental Quality ) ? Indoor Environmental Quality ( IEQ ) is major constituent for the rating of run intoing the construct of Net-zero energy edifice. It is to depict as status inside the edifice, which means the environmental quality of infinite. Elementss of IEQ are accounting for 21 per centum of standards for green edifice rating for non-residential edifices, including academic edifice in higher educational intuitions. Factors that involve such as air quality, illuming, thermic comfort, acoustic conditions, humidness, sound, occupant control and olfactory property. Energy, natural airing, design of the edifice†¦ etc.IEQ MonitoringIEQ demands is one of the major hazards a Net-zero energy edifice would give to diminish energy ingestion. In that instance, IEQ must be monitored in order to clarity the degree of comfort that can be acceptable. Furthermore, measurings of these factors would necessitate as accommodation intent that enable to the comparing with design values’ and observe misfunct ioning ingestion. Measurements of IEQ can besides be conducted assessing of occupant comfort via indirect or direct ( measurement and/or questionnaires ) appraisals. Furthermore, if the comfort status is absent, occupant would respond instantly and happening solutions, which would impact public presentation of energy. In that instance, commissioning of edifice will go on to verify the public presentation is truly important or non. IEQ supervising degree is based on specific aims, such as appraisal of comfort and/or alliance processes, every bit good as budget or attempt that available. Choice of relevant parametric quantities would let fiting larger figure of point, in fact more parametric quantities can supply offer elaborate image. There are four supervising degree, including Level 1 Basic Monitoring, Level 2 Advanced Basic Monitoring, Level 3, Detailed Monitoring and Level Advanced Detailed Monitoring. Table 2 as below will supply overview of four different monitoring degrees ToolsThe Net ZEB rating tool, available for free download at hypertext transfer protocol: // undertaking 40. iea – shc. org / net – zeb, can help with the computation of the energy balance, load lucifer index and operation cost International energy efficiency demands for new edificesDifferent states have started to travel for developing a common international demand or criterion for the energy efficiency, but at the minute, most of energy efficiency demand of edifice codifications is following local, province or base on national tradition. Such as US, it is based on Energy Efficiency criterions ( IECC 200415 and ASHRAE 200416 ) , these criterions are using in US and Canada. Like the European Energy Performance in the Buildings Directive ( EPBD ) , it would necessitate their members’ province of European Union to find demands for energy efficiency for new edifice.Mention[ 50.6 ] hypertext transfer protocol: // World Wide Web. btga – arch. uni – wuppertal. de / fileadmin / architektur / btga – arch / btga _ projekte _ aktuell / T 40 A 52_ STA _ Report _ Monitorin _ and _ Verification _ for _ NetZEBs. pdf â€Å" Measurement and Verification protocol for Net Zero Energy Buildings † [ 50.7 ] hypertext transfer protocol: // content. irec. cat / web / publicacions / energia – termica /02 % 20- % 20 ZEMCH _ T 40 STC _ NZEB _ Format. pdf â€Å"DESIGN ISSUES FOR NET ZERO-ENERGY BUILDINGS† [ 50.8 ] ASHRAE. 2002. ASHRAE GUIDELINE 14-2002 Measurement of energy and Demand Savings. hypertext transfer protocol: // sftool. gov / learn / about /1/ indoor – environmental – quality – ieq – SF Tool, 2013.Indoor Environmental Quality[ online ] Available at: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //sftool.gov/learn/about/1/indoor-environmental-quality-ieq- & gt ; [ Accessed 30 April 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: // World Wide Web. ijsrp. org / research – paper -1301/ ijsrp – P 1363. pdf M.A Sulaiman et al, 2013. Evaluation of Indoor Environmental Quality ( IEQ )on heavy Academic edifice instance surveies Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,Volume 3, Issue 1 [ 1 ] The Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy public presentation of edifices, Official Journal of the European Union. [ 2 ] J. Ayoub, IEA SHC /ECBCS Project Factsheet Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings. 2011.Task40/Annex52. hypertext transfer protocol: //canmetenergy.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/canmetenergy.nrcan.gc.ca /files/files/pubs/2011-118_PM-FAC_411-IEAT40_ayoub_e.pdf [ 3 ] L. Aelenei, R. Lollini, H. Goncalves, D. Aelenei, M. Noguchi, M. Donn and F. Garde. Passive chilling attacks in net-zero energy solar edifices: lessons learned from presentation edifices. In: CISBAT, Lausanne, September 2011. [ 4 ] I. Sartori, A. Napolitano and K. Voss. Internet zero energy edifices: A consistent definition model. Energy and Buildings. Volume ( 48 ) 2012 220–232. [ 5 ] IEA SHC Task 40/ECBCS Annex 52. Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings ( NZEBs ) . [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iea-shc.org/task40/index.html ] . hypertext transfer protocol: // media. wix. com / ugd /75744 vitamin D _ degree Celsius 4271 a 3238 degree Fahrenheit 1 B 4231 a 738 a 9817 B 6 vitamin E 853. pdf â€Å"A Design Framework for Achieving Net Zero Energy Commercial Buildings† [ 40.17 ] Torcellini, P. , S. Pless, S. and M. Deru, M, 2006, ‘Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Expression at the Definition, ’ NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory D. Crawley U.S. Department of Energy. ACEEE Summer Study Pacific Grove, California August 14?18. [ # 1 ] Torcellini, P. , S. Pless, S. and M. Deru, M, 2006, ‘Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Expression at the Definition, ’ NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory D. Crawley U.S. Department of Energy. ACEEE Summer Study Pacific Grove, California August 14?18.

Company Law Tutorial

Company law tutorial question year 3 Semester1. 1. â€Å"Under the ordinary rules of law, a present company and a subsidiary company, even a 100 per cent subsidiary company, are distinct legal entities and in the absence of an agency contract between the two companies, one cannot be said to be the agent of the other. This seems to be clearly established by the rule in Salomon v. A. Salomon & Co. Ltd. † Critically discuss. 2. â€Å"The principle laid down in Foss v. Harbottle continues to create a significant obstacle to minority shareholder action. Discuss. 3. Layton Co. Ltd. , private company with Articles in the form of Table A, has in its memorandum, the following clauses: â€Å"The objects for which the company is established are: (i) to manufacture, process and distribute computer software and CD Roms; (ii) to purchase and hold property, to borrow or to lend money, and to dispose of funds or property owned by the company; and (iii) to do anything that is in the opinion of the directors necessary to make profits from the use of the assets of the company. † Geoff and Marcia, two of the directors of Layton Co.Ltd. , own approximately 20 percent of the shares in Layton Co. Ltd. Stacy, a director, unbeknown to the board of directors, purports to enter into a contract with High State Developers Ltd. , â€Å"on behalf of Layton Co. Ltd. ,† for the construction of a health spa for stressed executives. In order to secure machinery, Stacy writes to Health Fanatic Inc. , on Layton Co. Ltd. ‘s stationery, offering Health Fanatic Inc. the contract to provide technical training for any staff employed by the spa. Health Fanatic Inc. accepts the offer. Layton Co. Ltd. , now refuses to build he health spa due to a depression in the market and is consequently not in need of Health Fanatic Inc. ‘s services. Discuss. 4. Tamara and Kathy have been conducting business as artefact restorers for several years. In January, 1999, Tamara and Kathy d ecided to incorporate their business. In order to facilitate the building of the registered head office of the company, Tamara purchased land from her grandfather for$50,000. Meanwhile, Kathy executed a contract on behalf of Heritage Ltd. , engaging the services of Sherry, a geology expert, to carry out a geological survey.Sherry submitted a report headed â€Å"subject to confirmation† which stated that the land was suitable for building a multistoried complex and that there was evidence of mineral deposits. In June 2004, Heritage Ltd. was incorporated as a public company with Tamara, Kathy and Bill as its directors. Tamara promptly sold the parcel of land to Heritage Ltd. for $2. 2 million and submitted an invoice for $70,000 for services rendered prior to the incorporation of Heritage Ltd. In April 2005, Tamara, unbeknown to the board, enters into an agreement with Jump Up Inc. or the acquisition of a fleet of trucks. It is customary for Heritage Ltd. to lease trucks as acq uisition is extremely costly. Advise. The capital of Bush Tea Co. Ltd. consists of fully paid up ordinary and preference shares. The governing regulations of Bush Tea Co Ltd. provide as follows: â€Å"17(a) Preference shareholders shall receive a cumulative preference dividend of 5% half yearly; and (b)Two votes shall be attached to each preference share issued. † Due to an outbreak of the Pink Mealy bug disease, the production of bush tea has dramatically declined.The board of directors of Bush Tea Co. Ltd. proposes to alter clause 17(a) of the governing regulations to reduce the preference dividend from 5% to 2% and to move a resolution to increase the voting rights of ordinary shareholders. Advise the preference shareholders. 5. In 2001, Mr. Ingenious decided to build condominiums on a parcel of beach front property which he had purchased in 1996 for $40,000. On March 26th, 2001, Mr. Ingenious instructed Mr. Safe Guard, an attorney-at-law, to incorporate a company to be ca lled Beach Haven Ltd. to manage the condominiums. Immediately after leaving Mr.Safe Guard's office, Mr. Ingenious entered into an oral agreement on behalf of Beach Haven Ltd. with Fast Seal Cement Ltd. for the supply of building blocks for the construction of the condominiums. The company, Beach Haven Ltd. , was eventually incorporated, in January, 2002. Its board of directors consists of Mr. Ingenious, Mr. Deke, Ms. Peta-Gaye and Ms. Jayanti. At the directors' meeting of February, 2002, the board of directors resolved to purchase the beach front property from Mr. Ingenious for $1million. Unfortunately, due to a slump in the real estate market Beach Haven Ltd. s profits declined significantly. It has been discovered that, prior to incorporation, Mr. Ingenious contracted with Wire Steel Inc. , signing on behalf of Beach Haven Ltd. , for the supply of 12 tons of high-tension steel at a price well above the market price. Mr. Deke, in March, 2003, hired his girlfriend, as a consultant, for $10,000 per month without board approval. The cement blocks purportedly purchased on Beach Haven Ltd. ‘s behalf are discovered to be of inferior quality. Advise Beach Haven Ltd. 6. Sashawa Enterprises Ltd. (SE Ltd. ) is a public company incorporated in Jambah.The Articles of Association of SE Ltd. are in the form of Table A. The objects clause of the Memorandum of Association contain the following provisions: (a)To carry on the business of the manufacture of textiles and clothing apparel; (b)To borrow money; (c)To do all such things which in the opinion of the directors may be conveniently carried out by the company. In January, 2001, Michael and Midge, two directors of SE Ltd. , contracted with Caribbean Construction Ltd. to build a coffee shop on premises adjacent to the corporate headquarters of SE Ltd. To finance this project SE Ltd. orrowed $5 million from Careless Bank Ltd. This loan was approved quickly, since Careless Bank Ltd. was a long standing customer of SE Lt d. and Careless Bank Ltd. was satisfied of Caribbean Construction Ltd. ‘s credit worthiness. After the events of September 11th, 2001, the profits of SE Ltd. declined considerably. SE Ltd. is no longer interested in constructing the coffee shop and is refusing to pay both Caribbean Construction Ltd. and Careless Bank Ltd. Nevertheless SE Ltd. is desirous of donating $12 million dollars to the International War Relief Fund. Discuss.

Production Possibility Curves Essay Essay

Explain how production possibility curves can be used to demonstrate the problem of unemployment, effects of technological change and the benefits of economic growth. Human wants are unlimited and resources are scarce. In order to satisfy these wants, all societies face the problem of allocating these scarce resources to producing the wanted products. These decisions greatly affect the economy and will contribute to the movements of growth. A graph that visually represents the results of the decisions and maps the growth of the economy is the production possibility curve. Production possibility curves (PPC) are graphical models used to demonstrate the different opportunity costs that are involved when individuals or communities make choices on how much of each product to produce. The graph depicts the different combinations of two alternative products that can be produced, given technology and a fixed amount of resources. The two axes represent the amount of each product produced and the curve (frontier) shows the maximum amount of each resource able to be produced when all of the resources are used to their full capacity (refer to Figure 1. Most diagrams discussed will only deal with straight frontiers for the purpose of a clear visual). The resources are the factors of production which consists of natural resources, human labour, capital goods and enterprises. The position of the economy is often shown by a dot or a cross and its position depends on the economy’s production status. The PPC also makes a number of assumptions including the fact that economy will produces only two different goods, the state of the technology will remain constant, and the quantity of the resources remain the same and are both fully employed and used efficiently. The production possibility curve is thus able to graphically represent the problems of unemployment, the effects of technological change on the products produced and also show the benefits of economic growth in an economy. Production possibility curves can used to demonstrate the problems of unemployment when producing the products in the economy. In the graph, it takes all of the factors of production into account. Thus unemployment will mean that not all of the resource s are being fully engaged and used to their full potential. The frontier in this case will not change, however the position of the economy will move below the curve. For example (refer to Figure 2), if the economy is producing two products X and Y, the frontier does not change and instead the position of the economy on the graph will  shift depending on the amount of resources are not being used. The further away the economy is from the curve, the more resources unemployed. In this situation, the graph signifies that there is an inefficient allocation of resources. It conveys the economy is neither satisfying the maximum amount of wants nor achieving minimum opportunity costs. Essentially the economy is not using its resources to their full potential, or sacrificing the lowest amount of opportunity costs to produce the products. By shifting the dot around, the PPC makes it very obvious to where in economy is at in productions efficiency and thus can influence decisions in order to overcome the problem of unemployment. The production possibi lity curve is also able to display the effects of technological change on the production of the products. Newer technology creates more efficient production methods and thus allows the economy to produce more of one product without an increase in opportunity costs. The application of newer, more productive technology is represented by an outward shift in the respective product axis. In the example (refer to Figure 3), due to technological advancements it has made producing product X more efficient, thus allowing more of product X to be produced. The lack of movement in the Y axis portrays how there was no increase in opportunity cost for producing product Y when more of product X was produced. The shift also shows the new frontier for the economy. The amount of shift can be adjusted to provide a model of the future economy if it decides to go through with technological advancements in one area. Therefore, the PPC is a great model representation of how technological changes can affect the production possibilities on an economy. Production possibility curves enable the illustration of how the process of economic growth occurs. Economic growth occurs when more resources are able to be used or existing resources are used more efficiently. Economies often have to decide whether to produce more of capital goods or consumer goods. Producing more consumer goods will satisfy the wants immediately and thus provide higher standard of living in the present, compared to producing more capital goods which does not satisfy many wants right away. However, it provides the economy with larger production abilities later on and thus will be able to satisfy more wants in the future. In Figure 4 (the figure deals with concave frontier to represent more of a realistic approach to growth), the graph is showing the production of either consumer or capital goods. The  economy at Point A is prefers producing more consumer goods than capital goods. The economy at Point B is producing more capital goods. Both economies are on the curve C. If the economies at both A and B shift outwards to the curve C1, it will represent that both economies are able to produce more of each product. This clearly demonstrates the benefits of economic growth on production possibilities. Not only are does it enable the more production of each product as a result of more resources used, the economy will be able to satisfy more wants and thus enjoy a higher standard of living. The PPC can also demonstrate how the economy at Point B is more likely to experience economic growth as the preference of more capital goods produced allowed greater capacity to produce more goods in the future. Using the PPC, it is able to display the different amounts of growth in the various positions and will thus help demonstrate the results. In all, the clear movements of the points from one curve to another visually represent the benefits of economic growth. Production possibility curve are excellent graphs that convey the problems of unemployment, clearly represent the effects of technological change and demonstrate the benefits of economic growth. The movements in graph can show different results and thus can help make decisions on what to produce.

The Evolution of Racial Inequality

Miranda Larrin History 105-14 March 13th 2013 The Evolution of Racial Inequality On a day to day basis, humans interact with one another, despite of their race or ethnic descent. However, that is not the way it has always been. Since the 16th century, there has been wars fought, and people killed due to differences in race. Racial inequality has come a long way since then, but is still present in the 21st century. Most societies deny that racial inequality is still present today, but the fact of the matter, it is.The term â€Å"race† is used to define a single human being. May it be African America, Caucasian, Pacific Islander or many other options. On job applications, doctor and dental forms, college applications and many other forms of documents, society is forced to check a box that identifies them. The question of the matter is what does it matter? The term â€Å"race† came from racism itself. Dating back to the 16th century segregation has played a key role in his tory. Not only for the United States, but worldwide.When societies began to see differences in cultures, such as having that different skin color, different foods or different languages, the different communities formed hatreds for others who were labeled as â€Å"different†. This began the racist movement that we still see today. Groups began having different names or titles which is now considered a race of people. Since the sixteenth century, race and racial inequality has changed in multiple ways. For example, in 1904 the European powers began taking over southern Africa where the ethnic group Herrera’s resided.The Europeans began moving the Herrera’s to concentration camps to kill them, all for land. In the 1940’s Hitler wanted to form a new order of Nazi Germany. He did this by forcing the Jewish, African Americans, and any other race that was not European or at the least resembled European decent to concentration camps. Just like the Herreraâ€℠¢s the majority of those placed in these camps were killed. However, Hitler did not do this for power or land; he did this to form a perfect land. He wanted everyone to be what he considered perfect, white, blonde, and had blue eyes. Jumping over to America, slavery of theAfrican American race and sometimes the Indian race, were shipped to America in the 16th century and up until the 19th century, these people were forced to work. Unlike the European power, America’s goal of this group was not to exterminate them, but to use them as work. The African Americans had many rules and restrictions that prevented them from living a normal and equal life as the whites. We also forbid them from displaying for sale at the market or from carrying to private houses for sale of any commodity, was on rule for the slaves that was established under Code Noir.Slavery was made illegal after the American Civil war in the 1860’s. However, The climax of the history of racism came in the tw entieth century. This is due to those of different ethnic backgrounds trying to become civilized in society. Crime rates shot up and police brutality rose with aim to those whose race was of African descent. Those races had a nearly impossible time getting jobs which meant they had to live in poor communities. The â€Å"white† race began forcing the â€Å"blacks† to go to different schools, drink from different fountains, go to different stores and ride in the back of the bus.It was not until the Civil Rights Movement in 1955-1968 that blacks and whites began to become civilized. As one can see, racism has manifested itself into world history playing a key role in major wars fought, protests, and mass exterminations. Even though there are no more concentration camps, and slavery has been made illegal, racism is still present today in the 21st century. Today, racism is not as harsh and brutal as it was in the past; it has become more or less a humor. On comedy shows the re is often a â€Å"token† character.Typically this character is African American and is made fun of by the other characters. These jokes are found to be funny and laughed at. The reality is that the jokes made are racist. A common form of humor is a meme. A meme is a typographic joke. Some are of a black man where it is joking about committing a crime; some are of an Asian man who is joking about either the shape of his eyes, or how Asians are said to be smarter than the average person. These memes are found all over the internet and are simply laughed at by all races.The biggest racial inequality argument happens to be racial profiling by police. Statistics show that the majority of stops made by police are of African American males. There have been several reports of police harassing and being unfair to these individuals. However, when an individual of European descent is stopped, they are given a warning if it is their first time and treated fairly. Little wonder that bla ck parents, regardless of class, routinely drill their children in how to act when stopped by the police, something few white parents ever think about.Despite the jokes and the racial profiling, American society fails to recognize racism today, even though it is clearly present. All in all, racial inequality has been a major issue since the 16th century. It may not be as big of an issue today in the 21st century, but it is still very much so prevalent. Racial inequality has come a long way since the 16th century, let alone the 20th century, so it is easy to see an assurance of equality in the future. However, societies such as American must overcome their ignorance of being racist in order for that to happen. BibliographyFredrickson, George. â€Å" Racism, A Short History†. (Princeton University Press) Peabody, Sue. † Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World†. (Boston: Bedfords/St. Martins) Rosenburg, Paul. † Birth Certificates and Unconscious Racismà ¢â‚¬ . (Aljazeera, 11 May 2011) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Sue Peabody, Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World. (Boston: Bedfords/St. Martins) [ 2 ]. George Fredrickson, Racism, A Short History. (Princeton University Press) [ 3 ]. Paul Rosenburg, Birth Certificates and Unconscious Racism. (Aljazeera, 11 May 2011)